Organizational effectivenes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organizational effectivenes - Essay Example This is done by considering resources available to the organization, interests of the organization in business activities and the market segment served by the organization. The market segment is important because it dictates the market share available to the firm and consequently influences resource allocation. The process of resource allocation is the first step among a number of them that lead to the realization of organizational effectiveness. How well available resources are allocated among numerous organizational needs and the extent to which consumer needs are met in that process determines the said effectiveness. Employee-management relationship is another measure of organizational effectiveness. Organizations that foster strong employee-employer relationships have been found to be more efficient that those without strong ties between employees and employers (Rampersad, 2003). In the same regard, an organization that pursues corporate social responsibility is more likely to be more efficient in its business that those which do not. This based on the fact restrained and optimal requirements of performance in order to achieve diversity and dynamism over time require that an organization’s operations and performance be efficient enough. Harley-Davidson is a manufacturing firm that consumers highly value. Its competitors stand challenged by this firm due to its diversity that aims to achieve consumer satisfaction. TPS recommends book keeping and issuance as the principle determinants of the success of an organization. Harley-Davidson adopted this recommendation, becoming one of the most efficient motorcycle and RV manufacturers (Teerlink & Ozley, 2000). Book keeping ensures that all fundamental records that pertain to the manufacturer are made at all levels. On the other hand, issuance enhances business transactions and monitors the overall performance for malpractices. Over and above the above practices, the

Roots of Mccarthyism in the Late 40s and Early 50s Essay Example for Free

Roots of Mccarthyism in the Late 40s and Early 50s Essay Though the Communist Party of the United States (CPUSA) peaked with it’s highest number of members in 1940-1941, with 750,000 members, by this area in time it was looked down upon. It had, earlier in the decade, been a successful agent against fascism and a huge help in the advancement and creation of labor unions, and for that reason people were joining it. However, many people were becoming communists unknowingly just by attending meetings where they were given free food (a big draw to people in an era directly following the Great Depression). In the late 1940’s and early 1950’s American’s were very scared that communism would influence our country. This period of time was referred to as ‘the second red scare’. Americans had seen the way that Russia had been transformed by communism, and did not want their country to undergo the same changes. Communism was a scary concept at the time, and it was something that we as a country definitely did not want any part of. In the late 1930’s, an organization was formed called the House Un-American Activities Community. This community made up of members of the United States House of Representatives, was formed in order to protect Americans against communism influence and was responsible for investigating any allegations that were made about communist activity. Despite this groups efforts the United States was still in heightened fear of Communist overtaking or the possibility of becoming a nation similar to that of Russia’s. Senator Joseph McCarthy was a US senator from Wisconsin during this time period. He served for ten years, from 1947 until his death in 1957. He is most well-known for being particularly paranoid of communist efforts, regularly accusing people of communist behavior when none existed. He accused large amounts of people, mostly government workers, claiming that they were Soviet spies and communist sympathizers. By 1950, the term ‘McCarthyism’ was coined. The term refers to the practice of accusing people of treason, disloyalty, and other related things with no grounds and little or no evidence. The term is still used today and generally refers to political corruption, in which an important political leader makes false accusations about a certain group of people. A few events took place in 1949 and 1950 that spurred McCarthyism and the second red scare to occur. First, the Soviet Union (a very communist-dominated country) tested an atomic bomb in 1949. This was much earlier than Americans had expected them to come out with this technology. At this point, we realized that communist countries were more advanced than we had prior thought. In 1950, the Korean War broke out. The United States, along with the UN and South Korea, battled against communist countries, furthering our hatred and fear towards them. In the meantime, many cases of soviet spies came out. More and more ‘Americans’ were found to actually be spies from Russia and the Soviet Union. As the increase of found spies became more prevalent, people continued to point fingers and adopt an accusatory towards many government officials and become abnormally suspicious. Senator McCarthy made a list of all of the people who he claimed had been involved in communist behavior. This list was called the Black List, and was made up of many writers, artists, government officials, and other people important to society. On February 9, 1950, McCarthy gave a public speech revealing the people on the list. He claimed that 205 people were on this list, but later reduced it to just 57. Though some of the people on the list were in fact engaged in communist behavior, others were simply engaging in lifestyles that McCarthy himself had biases against and lumped into the list. Some of these behaviors included sexual deviance, alcoholism, and political decisions not aligned with McCarthy’s own. After being found to be on McCarthy’s list, the accused were brought to trial and vigorously questioned. The only way that mercy would be shown to them, regardless of guilt or innocence, was to accuse other people. This led to more and more people being accused and convicted unrightfully and unnecessarily. The effect of these trials was detrimental to people in many professions in the public eye. Many entertainers lost their jobs as a result of the public degradation. President Dwight Eisenhower decided to take a stand against McCarthyism when the senator began bringing military men into the accusatory trials. McCarthy publically announced that many members of the United States Army were personally involved in communist activity. Eisenhower was very involved in the military, a graduate of West Point himself, and when McCarthy took steps to slander the Secretary of the Army, he felt that it was the final straw and that steps needed to be taken to stop the epidemic. Also, in bringing in the military to his slanderous accusations, it was at this point that McCarthy lost much of his hype and once popular power. Involving army journalists, Eisenhower ran a story exploiting some of the hidden agendas of McCarthy in December of 1953. In March of 1954, upon Eisenhower’s instructions, vice president Richard Nixon gave a speech indirectly chastising McCarthy. He said, Men who have in the past done effective work exposing Communists in this country have, by reckless talk and questionable methods, made themselves the issue rather than the cause they believe in so deeply,† (Spartacus). Following the presidential lead, many leaders in the press began to fight against McCarthyism. People who had wanted to speak out for a long time but had been too afraid were now gaining confidence to do so and momentum was building. Eventually, McCarthy lost the chairmanship of the Government Committee on Operations of the Senate. Some feel that this marked the end of McCarthyism, and consequently America’s hysterical fear of communism infiltrating the country. However, others feel that this response did not happen as a result of McCarthy’s demotion, and not until the close of the Cold War. While most support was against McCarthyism in this era, there were few supporters and supporting groups of this institution and its suspicious allegations. Many of these supporters came in the form of women only anti-communist groups. Examples of these groups were Minute Women of the USA and American Public Relations Forum. Another group, which was not only for women, was the American Legion. They were well known veteran supporters who also showed much interest in the spread of McCarthyism. While these groups made up a large part of the supporters of the McCarthy sequence, the largest amount of help came in the form of the far-right radicals. They generally opposed international relations, specifically the United Nations, and were even against many of the social welfare programs. Particularly those thought out by the new deal, many of these McCarthyism supporters had a general opposition to programs that fought to reduce â€Å"the inequalities to the social structure of the United States.†

Kellogg company is a strong market leader

Kellogg company is a strong market leader Kellogg Company is a strong market leader in the production of cereal and convenience foods. With 2009 reported earnings of $1.3 billion. The company maintains a leading position in the production of cereal and convenience foods, including cookies, crackers, toaster pastries, cereal bars, fruit-flavored snacks, frozen waffles, and veggie foods. The Companys brands include Kelloggs, Keebler, Pop tarts, Eggo,Cheez-it,Nutri-Grain,Rice Krispies,BearNaked,Morningstar Farms,Famous Amos,Special K,All-Brain,Frosted Mini-Wheats,Club and kasha. Kellogg products are manufactured in 18 countries and marketed in more than 180 countries around the world. Its global headquarters are in Battle Creek,Michigan,USA. Kellogg trades under the ticker symbol NYSE.K This marketing plan is aimed at extending Special K product line, one of the many Kellogg Company brands. Special K Brand under Kelloggs parent company cereal has recorded huge amount of sales since lunch, hence the extension, to maintain the product at a Growth cycle. The Analysis of this report was presented in a SOSTAC framework developed by PR Smith, which detailed why, how, when and where, the product line was to be extended with the view to expand market share and compete favorably in the UK convenience food industry. 2.0 Situational Analysis: Market Summary The value of the UK cereals market is around  £1.1 billion per year. Kellogg has a 42% market share of the value of the UKs breakfast cereal market. Reported earnings for full year 2009 were $1.2 billion, or $3.16 per diluted share, an increase of 6 percent from full-year 2008 of $1.1 billion. The company has developed a range of products for the segments within this market, targeted at all age groups over three years old. As a market leader, it maintains a distinct premium position within the market. This means that it has confidence of its consumers and a large market share. Special K, under the shape management market segment, was introduced in UK, October 1999, it is marketed primarily as a diet aid that can be eaten to help one lose weight and stay fit. It frequently has give-away offers for various health and fitness products and contains dieting information on the back of the box. In the UK, Special K currently comes in ten varieties: Special K Special K Red Berries Special K Purple Berries Special K Peaches Apricots Special K Bliss Creamy Berry Crunch Special K Bliss Strawberry Chocolate Special K Oats Honey Special K Yoghurt Special K Sustain Special K Medley Special K has been a successful Product brand of Kellogg. Applying the product life cycle, it is possible visualize the different stages of the Special K brand. The product life cycle demonstrates the change of product sales over time. Customer Analysis: Special K cereal and bars is for everyone and is being consumed by customers aged 3 and above. The increasing varied customers demands lead to the successful line extensions of the brand. Further to this, are the need for shape management products and the need for these products to address the weight and healthy living issue in UK. Being that Kelloggs company enjoys brand loyalty and economics of scale, Special K No Added Sugar will be added to buying options of existing brand and prospective customers, as a healthy product positioned to satisfy this Shape Managementemerging market segment. It is strategically targeted at the weight conscious consumers. This includes the Obese, overweight, diabetic, athletes and generally for everyone as an aid to keep fit. Competitor Analysis: Kelloggs is the market leader and enjoys a strong position. However, Special K has as its major competitors-ALpen, a product brand of Weetamix Company and Weight Watchers, on the shape management and healthy living cereal and bars market. Applying the porters five forces model, it is possible to analyze Special Ks competitive position EXISTING RIVALRY: Alpen No Added Sugar cereal a product of Weetamix Company Weight Waters no sugar cereal Nestle Whole grain-low fat General Mills Green Giant-no added sugar. New product development Marketing prowess THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS: All existing cereal manufacturers or companies Start up costs Cost advantages Access to distribution channels THREAT OF SUBSTITUES: Low switching costs Available substitutes Product differentiation Industry profits SUPPLIERS: Supplier monopoly High switching costs Unique product Importance of supplier to buyer Forward integration threat CUSTOMERS: Price sensitivity Advanced knowledge and independence of choice Drives demand Own profit potential Associated savings Backward integration threat Marketing Environment: Applying a PESTLE analysis, main points are the socio-cultural, environmental and technological factors. Socio-Cultural Factors: Consumer Orientation/perception: There exists the perception that cereal products and meals are for kids and younger children. This perception has been historically erupted by a social culture that associates babies with cereals. Life Style: The rushed and busy lifestyle of consumers in the Uk, would impact on the consumption of Special K no added sugar cereal. People, especially the students and working class, hardly eat at home, but settle for On-the-go junks foods, coffee and fatty drinks. Shifts to behavior Population demographics Environmental Factors: The need for Environmentally Sustainable business processes from start to finish, which to some extent has cost implication to organizations Green Issues. Technological Environmental Factors: Emergence of new communication channels to reach customers Improved production processes Automation Internal Market Environment Audit: STRENTHS Strong brand/Awareness Market Leader Economics of scale Brand presence and acceptability Premium product Capital Customer loyalty Derived learning curve effect -competitive advantage Product differentiation Quality processes and procedures WEAKNESS Sales driven by promo and pricing OPPORTUNITY Emergent shape management product customer needs. Special K brand, achieved awareness as an advantage Opportunity to re-enforce the growth life cycle of the Special K brand New customers/markets THREATS Competitors Price war with competitors New innovative products 3.0 Objectives: SMART Simple Extending and expanding of Kellogg Special K product line, with the introduction of Special K No Added Sugar Cereal in UK. Measurable To increase market share by 10%, compete favorably in the fast moving cereal and convenient food industry, and ultimately add value to customers and stakeholders. Currently the demand for no sugar added products are on the increase and competition have already launched into this concept. To lunch Special K into the UK market, which is currently Europes largest Kellogg consuming country. Achievable- (Mission) To Lunch Special K No added Sugar cereal in July 2010, in a projected one year period. Realistic The Extending of the Special K line is a realizable goal, owing to the fact that the Product Brand has been very successful since introduction and following the up surge trendy consumption of healthy low calorie, low fat and No sugar food items. This extension is also an innovative plan, in line with Kelloggs corporate company vision and mission of sustainable growth. Targeted Customers: Consumers aged 5 and above. These include individuals-families, Students, Professionals. Especially, dieticians, diabetic, Obese, athletes and young mothers. The Special K No Added Sugar line is a response to emerging customer demand. 3.1 Vision and mission Kellogg Companys Vision and Mission statements define their focus upon sustainable growth, our broadened definition of social responsibility and the true strength of our company our people and our brands. Vision_Mission_Full 4.0 Strategy: The first strategy in line with the product extension is to create customer awareness to this product offer and then develop more customer base. Market Penetration strategy: To penetrate the existing market and gain greater market share, increased brand awareness and boost the Special K product life cycle. Market Development Strategy: To develop the shape management market segment, using the product extension to attract new customer base. E.g customers who do not, consume sugar. Product Development strategy: By the improved recipe,flavor,taste. (No sugar flavor or taste) STP: Segmentation: shape management segments Consumers who want healthy, low fat, sugar free cereals. The value proposition here is the healthy meal offer. Targeting: we are targeting all healthy meal seeking consumers, but with special focus to shape management segments. Positioning: Healthy and Good Healthy and tasty 5.0. TACTICS: The marketing mix exists as a set of controllable tactical tools used to implement the strategy. The 7 Ps marketing mix catalyses the implementation of our strategy. Product: Our extension of Special K range and the addition of the No Sugar flavor is a tactical strategy in line with our mission to capture more markets segments and consolidate our consumer networks. New package will be introduced. Place: We will continue with existing value supply and distribution networks to make this product available to our cherished customers. Special offers will be given the stores that record large distribution. This will further motivate our value channels to get Special k no added Sugar at the market place. Supermarkets, retail stores, convenience stores and Online. Price: Market penetration pricing will be deployed to gain rapid market share, this is because there exists an extensive competition in the market. And the cereal market place is a sensitive one. Promotion: These promotional methods will be adopted to communicate effectively to the consumers- Advertising,sales promotions,direct marketing,ditital marketing and personal selling People: The knowledge marketing team, the IT and Software team, RD team are all involved in co-creating this product. Every member of the organization is a part of this mission in different perspective. They have been updated with product knowledge to impact the customers. ACTIONS PLAN: TASKS Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec BUDGET RESPONSIBILITY STEP 1: PRE LAUNCH  £22,000 Research  £40,000 Research Team Select Advert Agency  £30,000 Marketing Dept Brief Web Designer  £30,000 IT Dept Set Up Database  £50,000 Software Dev. STEP 2: LAUNCH TV Advertising  £300,000 Marketing Dept Billboards  £100,000 Marketing Dept Magazine Inserts  £50,000 Marketing Dept PR/Sales Promotion  £200,000 Marketing Dept Digital Marketing  £250,000 Marketing Dept Step 2 Control: Balance Score Card. The Balanced Scorecard is a strategic planning and management system, used to align business activities to the vision and strategy of the organization, improve internal and external communications and monitor organizational performance against strategic goals. 7.1 KPIs-Key Performance Indicators: Quality control Financial results Marker research Managing information system Sales analysis Service levels Market share analysis Financial results CRM-New customers acquired, retained Product awareness Competitor performance Benchmarking Profitability ROI Performance appraisal of employees Financial Analysis: Contingency Planning:  £50,000 set aside as financial reserve. Productive capacity reserve Safety measures in place should there be any disaster at promotion sites Etc Critical Reflective Writing: Learning Outcome: The truth is, I never had an idea of the enormous tasks or amount of work involved in marketing planning, from start to finish. Haven worked in banking operations for 4 years; I never saw marketing departmental roles as a challenging one. I will usually think they pretend to be busy when they are actually not, while the operations staffs are the only value adding workforce. The module marketing planning and its matrix, of which I am excited to be able to produce a marketing plan, have not only opened my eyes and mind to wider conceptual, theoretical and practical aspects of marketing. I now appreciate the essence of the existence of different roles and departments in an organization, marketing planning and why it is essential in business-to effectively identify customer needs, create products/market offerings accordingly, in order to maximize revenue, profit, ROI and minimize costs. Marketing planning I now understand, is a multi faceted, cross-functional activity that touches every aspect of the organizational life. I have gained an understanding of how the marketing- mix interact, to facilitate a rational business decision and reduce the complexity of business operations which ultimately adds a dimension of realism to a companys hopes for the future. I will go back into work, with an understanding of the real significance of a strategic planning. I will evidence learning, and make valued revolutionary impacts as a manager and maybe A marketing Manager It will never be business as usual.

The Colonization of the Philippines Essays -- Politics, External and I

Generally, textbooks, articles, and essays talk about America’s â€Å"occupation,† â€Å"supervision† or â€Å"intervention† in the Philippines. They seem to be afraid to use the word â€Å"colonization.† According to Webster’s Dictionary the definition of colonization is, â€Å"The colonial system of political government or extension of territory, by which one nation exerts political control over another nation, territory, or people, maintaining the colony in a state of dependence, its inhabitants not having the same full rights as those of the colonial power. The controlling power is typically extended thus by military force or the threat of force† (6). In his book analyzing Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, Mark Caprio makes a distinction between two different â€Å"levels† of colonialism: external and internal. He states that external colonization is what Hannah Arendt calls â€Å"overseas imperialism†¦where their indirect policy exerted minimal effort to forge political, social, or cultural bonds with the peoples under their jurisdiction† (2). Although this is the way the French colonized, the United States seem to adopt the British way of colonizing, which is Caprio’s second level of colonization or internal colonization. This is what Benedict Anderson describes as â€Å"inventing nations† (Caprio 2). It requires that the colonial power send ambassadors to impress its culture upon the colony through controlling things such as dialect, media, education, and military (Caprio 2). Caprio also mentions, â€Å"The decision to colonize, as well as the administration to administer the colonized, was based primarily on the needs and interests of the colonizer’s subject; those of the colonized object received minimal consideration† (2). Therefore, a colony serves... ...ates failed to see the Philippines as a free nation and did not provide equal rights to Filipinos, treating it as a colony. Therefore, the United States colonized the Philippines. It took the Philippines, by military force, through a three-year war. It did this, not for altruistic reasons, but for self-interest in trade and nationalism. It â€Å"exerted political control† over the Philippines by ignoring the Philippine republic and its representative at the Treaty of Paris, sending its own people to govern the Philippines, and monitoring the creation of the Philippines’ future government. Finally, the United States failed to provide equal rights to Filipinos by ignoring the Filipino government and representative at the signing of the Treaty of Paris, holding racial prejudices in dealing with Filipinos, and excluding the Filipinos from the right to the Monroe Doctrine.

Human Nature Essay

Human nature is based on self-preservation and selfishness in both Rashomon by Ryunosuke Akutagawa and The Lottery by Shirley Jackson. In The Lottery human nature is selfish because they kill someone in the community for their own personal gain. Selfishness also has a negative effect in Rashomon due to the harmful extremes the servant takes to stay alive. The way human nature is portrayed in these two stories is sometimes similar to the way people act in real life. In Rashomon the servant turns into a thief for the purpose of staying alive. He knows better than to steal from a woman who is already poor and living amongst corpses but he steals from her anyway. He tries to justify his actions when he says â€Å"You won’t blame me, then, for taking your clothes. That’s what I have to do to keep from starving to death. † His words show that he knows what he is about to do is wrong, but stating his reasons for why he needs to do it makes him feel better. At the beginning of the story he has no intentions of becoming a thief. Soon he realizes how bad his conditions are, this weakens his morals and his first priority becomes survival. This shows that when it comes to staying alive people become selfish and less concerned with other humans well being. Humans will go to extreme measures to get what they need even if that involves harming others. This story uses a lot of animal imagery to show how people become violent and tend to forget their morals when it comes to survival, it becomes almost like â€Å"dog eat dog. † An example of this is when the woman is picking hair out of the corpses to make a wig in hopes of selling it for money; this behavior is animal like. Why is it that people resort to crimes and immoral acts before considering other options when it comes to survival? In The Lottery the community is selfish because they sacrifice someone so their crops will grow. They need their crops to flourish so they will not go hungry; this is a form of self-preservation. In real life we have laws to stop people from committing various crimes. In The Lottery there are no laws to stop them from acting like animals and stoning each other. The fact that we have laws proves that we have them because some people do not have morals or choose to ignore them in certain circumstances. Laws were created to keep communities in order and civilized. Self preservation makes people forget about the well-being of others and instead focus on themselves. We see this in The Lottery when it says, â€Å"Mrs. Delacroix picked up a rock so large she had to use both hands to lift it. † In the beginning of the story Mrs. Delacroix and Mrs. Hutchinson are friends but at the end of the story when it comes down to her crops flourishing or her friend; Mrs. Delacroix is selfish and stones Mrs. Hutchinson to death. This example shows people are selfish and put their own needs first. Another example of this is when Mrs. Hutchinson say’s â€Å"it’s not right, it isn’t fair†, she is not talking about the lottery she means it is not fair that she was chosen. She would have no problem stoning someone else to death so that she could live and her crops could flourish. Human nature is portrayed the same way in Rashomon and The Lottery. In both stories the people are selfish and harm other people to benefit themselves. In Rashomon he beats up a woman and steals her clothes so he can survive and in The Lottery the community kills Mrs. Hutchinson so their crops will flourish. Their reason for being so selfish is self-preservation. The servant doesn’t want to die so he steals from a woman who has less than him. The community in The Lottery needs food to survive so they take part in the lottery. In both stories the people act like animals because they have no laws or rules to stop them from doing so. The difference between these stories is that in Rashomon it is only two people acting immoral but in The Lottery a whole community is acting uncivilized. In both stories human nature is portrayed negatively. In comparing this to current times, I find that Hurricane Sandy brought out the worst and the best in people. I live in a waterfront community that was badly affected by the hurricane. Some people’s homes were destroyed or flooded but that didn’t stop people from robbing homes in my neighborhood. At night we had police driving around with spotlights checking on homes and properties. Some people chose to steal generators right off others driveways. News reports talked about opportunist who broke into damaged businesses and stole whatever they wanted. Criminals broke into flooded homes and took what little salvageable items were left. When faced with a problem people have the option to rise to the occasion or not too. Unfortunately more people choose not to. This is what makes human nature selfish for the most part. After reading the newspaper this morning stealing generators seems pretty insignificant. I came across a story I can’t seem to get past. The Sandy Hook elementary school shooting in Newton Connecticut. I cannot understand how someone could go into an elementary school and shoot innocent children for their own selfish reasons. I cannot comprehend how someone could kill his or her own mother over a petty argument and feel no guilt. It scares me to know we live in a generation where human nature is so selfish that sending your children to school has become dangerous. Because human nature is so selfish children at such a young age are exposed to so much hatred. No six or seven year old should have to watch their classmates die for no reason other than the killer was simply having a â€Å"bad day† and needed to take his anger out on someone. The one aspect from this story that shows me human nature is sometimes still selfless is Victoria Soto. Victoria hid her students in closets and other spaces so the killer could not find them. When the killer approached her classroom door and asked where her students were she replied the gym; she was then shot. Victoria Soto may not have been able to save herself but she saved an entire classroom of innocent children. It is sad that a horrific event like this needs to take place before human nature changes because for twenty-seven children it’s a day too late. In both Rashomon and The Lottery the people go to immoral extremes for selfish reasons. In The Lottery the community stones someone for their own personal gain. In Rashomon the servant harms a woman in worse conditions than him self for the means of survival. The way human nature is negatively portrayed in these two stories is unfortunately similar to the way people act in real life.

EDGAR ALLAN POE 5 POEM ANALYSIS Essays

EDGAR ALLAN POE 5 POEM ANALYSIS Essays EDGAR ALLAN POE 5 POEM ANALYSIS Paper EDGAR ALLAN POE 5 POEM ANALYSIS Paper Essay Topic: Poetry The rhyme scheme of each of the five stanzas of Spirits of the Dead is different. The first stanza follows the pattern AABB. The second stanza is written in ABABCC. The format of the third stanza is AABBCCDD. The fourth stanza goes AABB. Lastly, the fifth stanza follows the pattern AABBCC. Sova, Dawn B. Spirits of the Dead. Critical Companion to Edgar Allan Poe: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work, Critical Companion. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2007. Blooms Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. The end rhymes in the Spirit of the Dead are different and variable. For example, pry and secrecy in the first stanza, or fever and ever in the third stanza. Sova, Dawn B. Spirits of the Dead. Critical Companion to Edgar Allan Poe: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work, Critical Companion. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2007. Blooms Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 7 Mar. 2016 Personification is used by Poe in the Spirit of the Dead. He gives human qualities to the elements of nature such as the night, and the stars. The speaker says that the night frowns down on the souls of the dead, and the stars instigate them to retain their umbilical cord-like connection to the earth. Even though the souls are weary, the want to continue with the lives they had once left behind. Sova, Dawn B. Spirits of the Dead. Critical Companion to Edgar Allan Poe: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work, Critical Companion. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2007. Blooms Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. The rhetorical devices known as consonance and assonance are both found in the poem. For example, one cannot help but notice the l-sound in the line The soul shall find itself alone from the first stanza, or the s-, t-, and d-sounds in the line The spirits of the dead who stood from the second stanza. Sova, Dawn B. Spirits of the Dead. Critical Companion to Edgar Allan Poe: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work, Critical Companion. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2007. Blooms Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. The Raven refers to an angered protagonists memories of a deceased woman. Through poetry, Lenores premature death is implicitly made aesthetic, and the narrator is unable to free himself of his reliance upon her memory. Sova, Dawn B. The Raven. Critical Companion to Edgar Allan Poe: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work, Critical Companion. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2007. Blooms Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. The poem ends with a retreat into the world of shadow. The speaker, entranced by the ravens demonic gaze, sees his soul in the shadow the bird casts on the floor, a soul that Shall be lifted- nevermore! With its final nevermore, the raven refuses to leave, and becomes a permanent reminder of his grief. Bloom, Harold, ed. The Raven. Edgar Allan Poe, Blooms Major Poets. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishing, 1999. Blooms Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. The first seven stanzas establish the setting and the narrators melancholic, impressionable state of mind. Weak and worn out with grief, the speaker had sought distraction from his sorrow by reading curiously esoteric books. Bloom, Harold, ed. The Raven. Edgar Allan Poe, Blooms Major Poets. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishing, 1999. Blooms Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December, And each separate dying ember wrought its ghost upon the floor. Eagerly I wished the morrow;- vainly I had sought to borrow From my books surcease of sorrow- sorrow for the lost Lenore- For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore- Allan Poe, Edgar. The Raven. Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation. Web. 01 Mar. 2016. Poe says that the valley had been silent once upon a time, when all the soldiers had left the place to join in wars. The soldiers had left behind the host of stars that would shine on them every night to watch over the flowers of the valley from the great heights at which they stay. Huff, Randall. The Valley of Unrest. The Facts On File Companion to American Poetry, vol. 1. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2007. Blooms Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. The poem itself consists of a single stanza made up of a total of twenty-seven lines. Right from the first line, Poe starts describing the graveyard where the corpses of soldiers are buried. However, the spirits of these soldiers are restless. Hence, Poe calls the graveyard the valley of unrest. Huff, Randall. The Valley of Unrest. The Facts On File Companion to American Poetry, vol. 1. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2007. Blooms Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. Poe says that the trees in the graveyard exhibit a palpitating motion, similar to the rise and fall of waves in the sea off the shores of the Hebrides islands. However, Poe is sure that it is not the wind that causes the motion of the trees. It is a supernatural presence in the graveyard that is responsible for that. Huff, Randall. The Valley of Unrest. The Facts On File Companion to American Poetry, vol. 1. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2007. Blooms Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. Over the magic solitude. Ah, by no wind are stirred those trees That palpitate like the chill seas Around the misty Hebrides! Allan Poe, Edgar. The Valley of Unrest. Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation. Web. 01 Mar. 2016. In the third stanza, he meets a pilgrim shadow which is symbolical of death and the knights asks it about the way which may lead to Eldorado. The shadow replies that the land could be found over the mountains of the moon and down the Valley of Shadow. Huff, Randall. Eldorado. The Facts On File Companion to American Poetry, vol. 1. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2007. Blooms Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. The poem turns gloomy and melancholic after the first 6 stanzas. There is no hint of sunshine anymore but only shadow. The next lines are less vigorous in tone as it describes the knight not so bold and who has not yet found El Dorado and he has grown old then. Huff, Randall. Eldorado. The Facts On File Companion to American Poetry, vol. 1. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2007. Blooms Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. The word shadow is used in every stanza but each one of them differs from each other in meaning. In line 3, we come to know that the knight has journeyed in sunshine and in shadow. Shadow here is a metaphor representing night or any dark place through which the knight has travelled. In the second stanza, line 9, symbolizes depression and despair in the heart of the knight. Sova, Dawn B. Eldorado. Critical Companion to Edgar Allan Poe: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work, Critical Companion. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2007. Blooms Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. And, as his strength Failed him at length, He met a pilgrim shadow; Shadow, said he, Where can it be, This land of Eldorado? Allan Poe, Edgar. Eldorado. Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation. Web. 01 Mar. 2016. the poem Conqueror Worm adheres to a strict rhyme scheme, where each eight-line stanza takes an ABABCBCB pattern. The rigidity of this construction proves a harsh framework for the internal rhymes and the irregular, albeit melodic, rhythms of the poem. Meanwhile, Poe uses exclamations to break the rhythm into cacophonous explosions of sound. For example, the phrase It writhes! it writhes!. Sova, Dawn B. The Conqueror Worm. Critical Companion to Edgar Allan Poe: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work, Critical Companion. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2007. Blooms Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. In the Conqueror Worm, The first stanza serves as the exposition, placing the angels at night in the setting of a theatre, while the second and third stanzas provide the rising action. The climax comes with the entrance and triumph of the Conqueror Worm, and the last stanza returns to the outside frame for the falling action and denouement. Sova, Dawn B. The Conqueror Worm. Critical Companion to Edgar Allan Poe: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work, Critical Companion. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2007. Blooms Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. the alliteration within phrases such as lonesome latter years and mutter and mumble low generally serves to emphasize the gloomy mood of the poem while adding to the lyrical effect. Sova, Dawn B. The Conqueror Worm. Critical Companion to Edgar Allan Poe: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work, Critical Companion. New York: Facts On File, Inc., 2007. Blooms Literature. Facts On File, Inc. Web. 7 Mar. 2016. The scenic solitude! It writhes! - it writhes! - with mortal pangs The mimes become its food, And the angels sob at vermin fangs In human gore imbued! Allan Poe, Edgar. The Conqueror Worm. Poetry Foundation. Poetry Foundation. Web. 01 Mar. 2016.

How does Shakespeare portray women in Macbeth Essay Example

How does Shakespeare portray women in Macbeth Essay Example How does Shakespeare portray women in Macbeth Paper How does Shakespeare portray women in Macbeth Paper Essay Topic: Macbeth This essay will observe and study William Shakespeares portrayal of women in Macbeth. In this essay I shall look at various scenes from the play Macbeth and use quotes to back up my evidence. This shall be neatly presented in a word document, and I hope to answer the question, How does Shakespeare portray women in Macbeth? Act 1 Scene 7 In Act 1 Scene 7 Shakespeare displays Lady Macbeth as a woman who is extremely cruel and heartless. I have given suck, and know How tender tis to love the babe that milks me: I would, while it was smiling in my face, Have pluckd my nipple from his boneless gums,And dashd the brains out, had I so sworn as you Have done to this. (1.7.54-59) In this scene Macbeth is having second thoughts about killing King Duncan and confronts his wife about it, and she harshly ridicules him and calls him such things as a coward and that he is not a real man if he does not kill the King, and that she is more of a man than he is. And she explains to her husband that she would murder her own baby, whilst breast feeding which is one of the most special things a mother can have with her child as it is a type of bonding, and she explains that she would murder her on baby whilst feeding it. She does this to push Macbeth into killing the King even though he which to do it. Was the hope drunk / Wherein you dressd yourself? Hath it slept since? (1.7.35-36). I think that Shakespeare does this to really show how much Lady Macbeth wants to be queen, and how eager she is and that she is prepared to not have a conscience in doing so. Act 2 Scene 2 This scene is a bit more complicated than the one before, as Shakespeare depicts Lady Macbeth as a woman with mixed emotions She says to herself, I laid their daggers ready; He could not miss em. Had he not resembled My father as he slept, I had donet (2.2.11-13). From this quote Lady Macbeth feels sympathy for Duncan and for her father as although she is recently portrayed to have a hard outer shell she seems rather affectionate for her father and she is not able to go through with killing Duncan herself. This shows you that Lady Macbeth may not be as evil as some may think. But then again after Macbeth has killed Duncan in his sleep Lady Macbeth seems to have a change of heart, My hands are of your colour; but I shame / To wear a heart so white (2.2.61-62). Macbeth has just explained how his hands are red even though they are perfectly clean, and Lady Macbeth then says to herself that her hands are red also since she has been smearing Duncans blood over his guards, but that she would be ashamed to have a heart like Macbeths a heart so white because it makes him a coward in her eyes. Unlike the example before this describes Lady Macbeth once again as a callous woman. I think that Shakespeare has represented her like this to show that she has two sides to her and that she is not always acting evil, I think that he wanted people to see her sensitive side and that in some ways she can be caring. Act 3 Scene 4 In this scene we do not see much of Lady Macbeth, but when we do it is again a bit complicated, as she is shown to have varied sentiments as when Macbeth sees the ghost and is making a scene again she challenges him manhood and asks him an insulting question, Are you a man? (3.4.57). this doesnt only show her as a bit of a bully but also it shows her darker side again because her husband is clearly not well and is having a bit of a fit, but all that she cares about is that the guests dont get suspicious and start asking questions, instead of thinking about her husbands well being. In this example Lady Macbeth is not in the driving seat as she always generally is, as Macbeth is making a commotion, and she cannot do anything to help it and he is not listening to what she tells him. She doesnt seem to be able to manipulate him as she normally does and she is as much of a spectator as everyone else in this occasion. pray you, speak not; he grows worse and worse; Question enrages him. At once, good night: Stand not upon the order of your going, But go at once. (3.4.127-130). In my opinion I think that Shakespeare has done this so that to show that she is not always in control of Macbeth because whilst he was making a scene she could not control him, and every time she gave him a tongue-lashing he still managed to carry on to disobey her wishes for him to remain normal. And every time he seemed to be talking to himself Lady Macbeth grew very anxious and worried and she was not in control of the situation as we know she likes to be in, and in the end she had to get everyone to leave. Act 5 Scene 1 In this scene Lady Macbeth cannot get the thoughts of killing Duncan out of her head and she seems to be feeling guilty. Out, damned spot! out, I say!One: two: why, then, tis time to dot.Hell is murky!Fie, my lord, fie! a soldier, and afeard? What need we fear who knows it, when none can call our power to account?Yet who would have thought the old man to have had so much blood in him. (5.1.35-40). Lady Macbeth is continuously washing her hands as she cannot seem to get a drip or a spot as she says it of Duncans blood off of her hands. She then carrys on to say that once they were King and Queen that it would not matter who found out that they had killed Duncan as they were too much of a higher-power, and they could not be challenged. She says who would of thought the old man had so much blood, since she can still see it there on her hands and it prompts her of her guilt. Heres the smell of the blood still: all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand. Oh, oh, oh! (5.1.50-52). She describes that the smell of blood is still on her hands, and no perfumes of Arabia would not sweeten her hand, by this she means that her hand shall always remain dirty with that spot of blood, and that she shall forever feel guilty because of it. In my eyes I think that Shakespeare has done this to show that even though Lady Macbeth walks with a hard outer shell and that she acts as if she does not feel guilty, and that she is more of a man than Macbeth, she suddenly realises that what they did was murder and as a result she cannot sleep and she is filled to the bone with guilt. I think that Shakespeare has done this to show that she is not always as hard as we assume she is, and that even though she has said some atrocious things she still has feelings of sorrow for the crime that her and Macbeth commited. Act 1 Scene 1 In act 1 scene 1 Shakespeare portrays the witches as very strange and weird, In the play, the characters are stirred about by forces that they have no power over and this is the same for the first scene. The witches who are propelled by the storms of nature and war ask each other, When shall we three meet again? / In thunder, lightning, or in rain? (1.1.1-2). As the scene comes to an end and the witches depart they all vocalize, Fair is foul, and foul is fair: Hover through the fog and filthy air (1.1.11-12). Because witches at that time were seen as creatures of the devil, they enjoy things that is foul and detest things that are fair, they say this so they can do their bid to create evil and mayhem. I think that Shakespeare does this because he wants to show that the witches arent human and that theyre evil and bizarre, so that you get a good picture of what theyre like. Act 1 Scene 3 In this next scene the witches meet with Banquo and Macbeth after they have returned from combat. All hail, Macbeth! hail to thee, thane of Glamis! All hail, Macbeth, hail to thee, thane of Cawdor! All hail, Macbeth, thou shalt be king hereafter! (1.3.49-51). The witches have just prophesised that Macbeth shall be crowned thane of Cawdor and then he shall be king, the witches are seen as weird and wicked by Banquo and Macbeth as they are not human and they can see into the future. This is another example of how the witches are portrayed as iniquitous, Her husbands to Aleppo gone, master o the Tiger: But in a sieve Ill thither sail, And, like a rat without a tail, Ill do, Ill do, and Ill do.(1.3.9-12). At the start of the scene one of the witches enquires were the other has been and she replies that a womans husband has been out at sea, and that she had him die at sea. This again shows the evil and malicious side of the witches. Again I think that Shakespeare has exposed the witches a s malevolent as they enjoy doing wicked things for example killing innocent people, and so forth. And because the witches are prophesising the future it is showing them as evil and eerie, as it is not normal. This essay has shown me and you, the audience, how Shakespeare renders women in Macbeth. In this essay I have shown a variation of different portrayals of women in the play, and how Shakespeare sees them more importantly. In my opinion, I think that Shakespeare finds women maybe not so focal, as out of all the characters in the play there are only two key ones which are Lady Macbeth, and the witches. Also he seems to not find many good aspects for the women in the play as they are both seen to be quite spiteful and cruel.

U.S Intervention Essays - Moiss Giroldi, Panama, Noriega

U.S Intervention Essays - Moiss Giroldi, Panama, Noriega U.S Intervention U.S Intervention As early as the 1500s, the idea of constructing a ship canal between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans occurred to navigators and explorers, as the geographical form of the Central American Isthmus was becoming known. Many Isthmus surveys were made over the years. Opinion remained divided between a route through Panama and a longer route through Nicaragua. This divided opinion continued until the building of the Panama Canal was begun by the U.S. in 1904. By the end of the century the U.S. government would find themselves in an unnerving situation; concerned with the Panama Canal and other economic interests would unfortunately demonstrate unequaled force and damage to an innocent people with their focus on something other than what was in the sights of their rifles. Panama was originally created by the US in 1903 so that they could build a canal between the Pacific and the Atlantic Ocean. Noriega, Panamas defacto leader, was in league with the US, the CIA, and the Drug Enforcement Agency until 1986. In June 1987 violent popular demonstrations erupted in the streets, due to reports of election fraud and Noriegas involvement in major human rights abuses. In February 1988, Noriega was charged by the US courts with aiding in the trafficking of drugs between Columbia and the US. The president of Panama subsequently fired Noriega from commander of the Panamanian Defense Force. The National Assembly replaced the president with a supporter of Noriega. Noriega himself although still sustained most of the power within the Panama Defense Force. The U.S. refused to recognize the new president and placed massive economic pressure on Panama by cutting off U.S. aid, freezing all Panamanian corporations. Noriega was a corrupt dictator heading an efficient narco-militaristic regime in Panama. He was involved in drug trafficking, arms smuggling, money laundering, and the ruthless oppression of his people. He also systematically violated the American-Panamanian Canal treaties and harassed U.S. forces and institutions in Panama. The problems the U.S. recognized in Noriega began in 1985 as an internal Panamanian affair. Between 1985 and the 1989 U.S. invasion, it went through a series of five mini-crises. These included the murder of Hugo Spadaraora, a physician but also a revolutionary, a guerrilla fighter, and a political activist. The Herrara confessions were brought forth by Colonel Roberto Herrera who was to replace Noriega after he was to retire in 1987. After Noriega announced he would remain in control Herrera in retaliation publicly revealed details about Noriegas crimes as well as accused him of orchestrating the murder of Spadafora. A turning point occurred in February 1988, wh en the United States declared drugs to be the major threat to American society at the same time that Noriega was indicted in Florida for drug trafficking and money laundering. The Reagan and Bush administrations hoped for and peferred a Panamanian solution, like a coup, an election that would end Noriegas rule, or a popular uprising similar to that of the uprising that dumped Ferdinand Marcos of the Philippines. On October 1st 1989, the wife of Moises Giroldi, a member of Noriegas inner circle who had crushed the 1988 Macias coup attempt, informed Southcom officers that her husband was planning a nonviolent coup against Noriega and that he wanted limited U.S. help. Giroldis coup took place on October 3rd 1989. Mrs. Giroldi and her children were given shelter, the U.S. forces blocked the requested roads and for a few hours Noriega was a prisoner in the hands of Giroldi, who tried unsuccessfully to persuade him to retire. Supposedly several rebel leaders, but not Giroldi, were then prepared to turn Noriega over to U.S. authorities, but in some way Noriega was able to contact his special unit, Battalion 2000. The Battalion crushed the rebellion using other Noriega loyalists. Giroldi was later severely tortured and killed as were several other coup leaders. The two administrations used covert operations to help start popular uprisings and coups and also assisted the opposition in the 1989 Panamanian elections. None of these efforts were successful, and the United States decided to use other measures to remove Noriega such as negotiations, economic and diplomatic sanctions, and military threats. These attempts also failed, partly due to mixed messages, operational restrictions, and incompetent

Financial Wellness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Financial Wellness - Essay Example sted in a wide variety of financial instruments such as common stocks, preferred stock, corporate bonds, treasury bills, and derivative instruments among other options. People can use finances to plan for their retirement (Cnn). An area of finances that I often have trouble with is budgeting. I always try to create a personal budget of my expenses every month, but it seems as if my personal budgets are always off. I always end up spending more money than what my budget stipulates. The use of software such as excel or quicken can help people manage their personal budgets better (Intuit). Financial goals are very important. â€Å"The first step in personal financial planning is controlling your day-to-day financial affairs to enable you to do the things that brings you satisfaction and enjoyment† (Fowles). These goals can be established for the immediate, short, medium and long term. SMART goals are specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and timely (Topachievement). An immediate goal is to save at least $300 at the end of the month. A short term goal is to purchase a new smartphone within one to two months. A second short term goals is to save money to purchase winter clothes. An intermediate goa l is to increase the value of my investment portfolio by 10% at the end of the year. Another goal is to save money for a down payment on a new home within five years. A long term goal is to save $250,000 by retirement

Why is Locke concerned with the question whether our terms for Essay

Why is Locke concerned with the question whether our terms for substances are terms for items with a real essence - Essay Example Subsequently, he pragmatically thought over the concept of knowledge and language formulation, the core of which shall be discussed hereunder. According to Locke, what we know is always properly understood as the relation between ideas (the learned concepts of experienced reality), and in the said essay, he explained at length the stance that all of our ideation is a consequence of experience. The outcome of this objective method is that the human mind seems to get somewhat undermined in its abilities. While describing the domains of human capabilities in terms of knowledge, ideas and the like, he endeavors to challenge certain basic and traditional norms of communication, language and interaction constructs. Here, the issue of contention is the fact as to how Locke tackles the term of 'substance'. Locke describes or rather differentiates the qualities of substances into two divisions: primary and secondary. The primary attributes deal with those traits of an entity, which forms its existence - the integral constituents of the object. However, the secondary attributes are those, which are qualified by our perceptual reality and which may be taken in a relative term depending upon the observer. "The primary/secondary quality distinction gets us a certain ways in understanding physical objects, but Locke is puzzled about what underlies or supports the primary qualities themselves. He is also puzzled about what material and immaterial substances might have in common that would lead us to apply the same word to both" (SEP). Such contemplations gave him the impetus to coin the relative and obscure idea of substance in general. He referred to the ever dynamic use of the word 'substance'. Locke claims that substances support the substances support qualities - these may be as infinite as one can imagine. For understanding of concepts, he believed, simply information about the object was not enough. There had to be some linkages in the information that we receive in clusters. These linkages had to be the essence of understanding the concept to its fullest. This is a result of the fact that he himself cannot purport a rationale for the existence of tropes (tropes are properties that can exist independently of substances). Hence, he could not use of a concept in lieu of 'substance'. He seems extremely cautious about our limitations of the ideas of substances. He has been understandably criticized for blowing this substance debate out of proportion, yet the importance that he appreciates within this concept is what produces the entire basis for his conviction. It troubled Locke to consider the substance as being something without having any properties - this in effect would be unscientific and hence impossible according to the doctrine presented by him. On Essences He attempts to give ideas of substances, simple modes, mixed modes, relations and so on. Here, he intends to clarify the difference between real and nominal essences. Due to his obvious passion with empiricism, his primary interest always seems in defining the attributes of an entity before he can look at its functions. Locke admits that not all words relate to ideas. Though an adamant campaigner against innate experiences, yet he

Forks over knives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Forks over knives - Essay Example d that children from the country’s affluent parts consumed plenty of animal-processed foods that exposed them to a higher risk of getting liver cancer in their later years. As for Esselstyn, his discovery comes from his experiences as a surgeon as he realizes that several of the diseases he regularly treats are practically unheard of in parts of the world where animal-processed foods are not consumed. Fulkerson bases the film on investigations conducted by the two researchers as from the 1980s when they initially meet. In an attempt to convince people that plant-based and whole foods have the potential of reversing lifestyle diseases and degenerative ailments, he features the pioneering study by Campbell and Esselstyn in China. Fulkerson includes alarming data on the huge sums of money spent on medical bills and the high number of Americans that are obese; to paint the grim picture that is reality. This is helpful in raising awareness and making it clear that changes in one’s diet need to start now. Fulkerson also trails the lives of a chosen set of patients who have taken on a plant-based diet and witnessed positive changes in just a short while. The positive changes include remarkable improvements in cholesterol levels, blood pressure and arterial occlusions. The illustration of these stories brings on great persuasive value to the message of the films adding on is the fact that Fulkerson gets on a similar diet himself. These affirmative effects coupled with scenarios of places such as New Guinea where regenerative ailments are unknown and foods consumed are purely plant-based, brings out the simple fact that animal protein is detrimental to one’s health (Groen). Featuring nutrition experts and celebrity cameos, he comes out to dismiss all the myths about fish and chicken being the best source of proteins while milk being the easily digestible way of getting calcium. He, therefore, through Caldwell and Esselstyn, emphasizes on adopting a diet that

Kierkegaard and Dewey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Kierkegaard and Dewey - Essay Example Dewey then gives an example of religion; how religion can have a lasting and deep impact on the course of a nations history. Religion or a certain set of ideas can control peoples feelings and beliefs, and that is not any less of a control than that of political oppression. Culture is also determines what elements of human nature dominate it, which have resulted in the belief that one aspect of human nature is the determining factor of human society. This is confusing the effect with the cause, as it is a societys culture that determines which aspect of human nature dominates according to Deweys argument. So the basic idea of Deweys first chapter is that if political freedom is to be maintained it is through culture and not through the individuals, as they are themselves motivated and to a degree "controlled" by culture. The exaggeration of one aspect of human nature as the sole motive behind human behavior is itself culture driven; this is well supported by historical facts. For every age gives rise to a motive of behavior that accords with its cultural needs. And the example Dewey gives is England during the industrial revolution; as the economic situation was intense it gave rise to the belief in a sole human motivator that is in harmony with this economical situation. 2- In chapter 2, Dewey discusses the differences that lie within the same society, how they might affect society and how they are not an objection to his theory of cultural domination over human behavior within society. In this chapter he concludes that: "No estimate of the effects of culture upon the elements that now make up freedom begins to be adequate that does not take into account the moral and religious splits that are found in our very make-up as persons. The problem of creation of genuine democracy cannot be successfully dealt with in theory or in practice save as we create intellectual and moral integration out of present disordered conditions." This perhaps sums up

Nursing theory in practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing theory in practice - Essay Example The purpose of Orem’s theory relates to the holistic approach to nursing. According to Orem, a human being is someone who â€Å"is an integrated whole composed of an internal physical, psychologic, and social nature with varying degree of self-care ability† (Bridge, Cabell & Herring, 2007). The essence of the theory is that all patients are able to take care of themselves. The role of nursing is this regard is that nursing serves as an art, which allows nurses to provide specialized care to people with disabilities of such a nature that more than usual care is required for fulfilling the daily needs of self-care and to intelligently take part in the delivery of care from the physician to the patient. In Orem’s perspectives the environment can be considered as a collection of various dimensions, which include physical, chemical and biologic features and socioeconomic features. The socioeconomic aspect of the environment primarily encompasses the family and the com munity and includes elements such as gender and age roles, norms, and cultural values. On the other hand, the physical, chemical and biologic features would entail the atmosphere, pollutants, weather conditions and pets amongst other factors (Bridge, Cabell & Herring, 2007). ... However, critics have come to common grounds with respect to the world view of the theory. It is common consensus that Orem’s perspective on the interaction between the person and the world is representative of the reciprocal interaction world view. Orem further regards her world view as an illustration of moderate realism (Bridge, Cabell & Herring, 2007). This entails that human beings are actively involved in an ongoing process of development and are struggling for their self-ideal, along with the owner of absolutely human traits like free will (Banfield, 2008). The theory presents the notion that people are able to maintain their life and well-being by caring for themselves (O’Connell, 2009). Orem classified the needs and requirements of the patients into three groups. These include the universal self-care deficits, developmental self-care deficits and health deviation requisites. The critique of SCDNT ranges from it being explicit and simple to generality. According to Marriner-Tomey and Alligood (2006) the terms that Orem has used in the description of the theory are very precise. The language that has been utilized is in compliance with the language deployed in action theory and philosophy. Moreover, the entire length of the theory conforms to a congruency in the usage of the terminologies. This can be exemplified from the fact that the term self-care has an array of meanings in different contexts. However Orem’s dexterity lies in her ability to precisely put forth a definition of self-care which is not only uniquely presented, but does not conflict with other interpretations of the concept. Critics have also

Explain something that your major has trained you to do (Economics) Essay

Explain something that your major has trained you to do (Economics) - Essay Example The major distinguishing factor between an economist and a non economist is that, they have different perspective to see an event that can be as ordinary as picking some flower from the nearby market. This difference in view comes from the analytical economic forecasting that the subject teaches us to become a more rational human being. This forecasting can be made a lot complex if we consider forecasting through statistical data analysis and that might be a whole lot harder to explain to a non economist. Therefore the present article emphasis on economic logics that helps us to analyse a situation and determine the right time to take an action that might be related with economics. Analytical economic forecasting follows a chain of events that it tries to sew with one another to get to the optimum decision destination. It starts with considering the focused event and ancillary events that are present around that furthermore it tries to grasp the future events that might follow throug h in short or long run. Before moving into details it should be kept in mind that economics is a social science and any event in society that is substantially important to influence the surrounding will have an impact on the economy. Let us now analyse what sort of impact a rise in crude oil price might have on the economy from an economist point of view. To a non economist rise in crude oil price will definitely knock his head considering the higher price that he might have to pay now for gasoline; the fuel his car run on. However the wrinkles on his forehead and the anger that lays dormant deep into his heart will be multi fold if he considers the spiral of events that will follow suit a rise in crude oil price. United States of America is the largest consumer of crude oil and the third largest producer of the same. However the deficit that the country faces in terms of excess demand has to be met through import of crude oil from abroad. It is clear a rise in crude oil price will put burden on America’s balance of trade and that is not a good sign for already weakening dollars (Rand, 1-9). Crude oil is the prime form of energy in America so a price rise will result in rise in price of energy, domestic and industrial alike. Several industries nation wide (if we restrict our views beyond the national boundary) uses crude oil or its refined form diesel, petrol or gasoline as raw material; a rise in the price of the same will definitely raise the price of those related products. What would be the effect on household? A simple example can be, perishable and non perishable goods reach our market through goods vehicle that run on crude oil related products. A rise in the price of crude oil will make logistic costlier. This will reflect in higher price for the related goods such as vegetables, meats, milks and etc. Eventually this cost will have to be borne by the consumers as the producers are always in look out to shift this extra cost burden to the consume rs. This is the initiation of inflation spiral where rise in price for a product results in rise in price for other products and eventually within the economy a price related anarchy breaks down that seldom get tamed unless intervened by the government or the market force that is demand and supply interact with optimum speed to settle at a new equilibrium. The government might set a ceiling on price, or use subsidy. Whether in a free market mechanism the higher price might result in lower demand and greater supply and eventual settlement of price at a

Kierkegaard and Dewey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Kierkegaard and Dewey - Essay Example Dewey then gives an example of religion; how religion can have a lasting and deep impact on the course of a nations history. Religion or a certain set of ideas can control peoples feelings and beliefs, and that is not any less of a control than that of political oppression. Culture is also determines what elements of human nature dominate it, which have resulted in the belief that one aspect of human nature is the determining factor of human society. This is confusing the effect with the cause, as it is a societys culture that determines which aspect of human nature dominates according to Deweys argument. So the basic idea of Deweys first chapter is that if political freedom is to be maintained it is through culture and not through the individuals, as they are themselves motivated and to a degree "controlled" by culture. The exaggeration of one aspect of human nature as the sole motive behind human behavior is itself culture driven; this is well supported by historical facts. For every age gives rise to a motive of behavior that accords with its cultural needs. And the example Dewey gives is England during the industrial revolution; as the economic situation was intense it gave rise to the belief in a sole human motivator that is in harmony with this economical situation. 2- In chapter 2, Dewey discusses the differences that lie within the same society, how they might affect society and how they are not an objection to his theory of cultural domination over human behavior within society. In this chapter he concludes that: "No estimate of the effects of culture upon the elements that now make up freedom begins to be adequate that does not take into account the moral and religious splits that are found in our very make-up as persons. The problem of creation of genuine democracy cannot be successfully dealt with in theory or in practice save as we create intellectual and moral integration out of present disordered conditions." This perhaps sums up

Explain something that your major has trained you to do (Economics) Essay

Explain something that your major has trained you to do (Economics) - Essay Example The major distinguishing factor between an economist and a non economist is that, they have different perspective to see an event that can be as ordinary as picking some flower from the nearby market. This difference in view comes from the analytical economic forecasting that the subject teaches us to become a more rational human being. This forecasting can be made a lot complex if we consider forecasting through statistical data analysis and that might be a whole lot harder to explain to a non economist. Therefore the present article emphasis on economic logics that helps us to analyse a situation and determine the right time to take an action that might be related with economics. Analytical economic forecasting follows a chain of events that it tries to sew with one another to get to the optimum decision destination. It starts with considering the focused event and ancillary events that are present around that furthermore it tries to grasp the future events that might follow throug h in short or long run. Before moving into details it should be kept in mind that economics is a social science and any event in society that is substantially important to influence the surrounding will have an impact on the economy. Let us now analyse what sort of impact a rise in crude oil price might have on the economy from an economist point of view. To a non economist rise in crude oil price will definitely knock his head considering the higher price that he might have to pay now for gasoline; the fuel his car run on. However the wrinkles on his forehead and the anger that lays dormant deep into his heart will be multi fold if he considers the spiral of events that will follow suit a rise in crude oil price. United States of America is the largest consumer of crude oil and the third largest producer of the same. However the deficit that the country faces in terms of excess demand has to be met through import of crude oil from abroad. It is clear a rise in crude oil price will put burden on America’s balance of trade and that is not a good sign for already weakening dollars (Rand, 1-9). Crude oil is the prime form of energy in America so a price rise will result in rise in price of energy, domestic and industrial alike. Several industries nation wide (if we restrict our views beyond the national boundary) uses crude oil or its refined form diesel, petrol or gasoline as raw material; a rise in the price of the same will definitely raise the price of those related products. What would be the effect on household? A simple example can be, perishable and non perishable goods reach our market through goods vehicle that run on crude oil related products. A rise in the price of crude oil will make logistic costlier. This will reflect in higher price for the related goods such as vegetables, meats, milks and etc. Eventually this cost will have to be borne by the consumers as the producers are always in look out to shift this extra cost burden to the consume rs. This is the initiation of inflation spiral where rise in price for a product results in rise in price for other products and eventually within the economy a price related anarchy breaks down that seldom get tamed unless intervened by the government or the market force that is demand and supply interact with optimum speed to settle at a new equilibrium. The government might set a ceiling on price, or use subsidy. Whether in a free market mechanism the higher price might result in lower demand and greater supply and eventual settlement of price at a

How Societies Depend on Computers Essay Example for Free

How Societies Depend on Computers Essay In the 21st Century, the society that we live in has become highly dependent upon computers. The computers have increased the efficiency of the human resource by many times. It not only saves the society from a lot of work, but also acts as a source of entertainment. It is not only helping professionals in their office work but also helping children in their initial development. Businesses have reduced their requirements of human resource as they have adopted the computers in their processes. Teachers and professors use computers today to aid in their lectures and activities with the students. The students are highly dependent upon the computers as they study online, word process their assignments, print their documents, study from e-books and search for anything that they do not understand in the lectures. The professionals in the workplace use computers to manage their work, to make schedules, take notes, for accounting practices and for getting assisted in decision making. Many corporations have implemented systems using computers as an alternative to the human resource. Systems such as Enterprise Resource Systems (ERPs), Customer Relationship Systems (CRMs) and Decision Support Systems (DSS) help the top level management as well as the lower level staff to engage in best practices. Through these systems, the corporations reduce their costs, reduce inventory holding and get rid of excessive labor. The use of computers is not limited to the business today as governments have also started to incorporate computer systems in every aspect of public systems. Computers help monitor the traffic and manage the traffic through traffic signal lights and fines system. The computers have made it into the kitchens of households as they control the microwave heaters, fridge, freezers etc. The computers are also now everyone’s pockets these days as smart phones are getting common and cheaper day by day. The traditional mails are replaced 95% by e-mails, which are free, and the access to internet has also enabled many other services. Computers are also replacing televisions in many homes as they include DVD players and are less costly. The general-purpose attribute of the computers are making them everyone’s favorite. Everyone has some or the other use of computer daily. The banks are shifted to computers and internet banking has thrived. Where the computers are helping so much, they are also causing a lot of distress for many people and pain. Internet has made hacking easier for the hackers with the criminal intent. These hackers can erase important data and cause losses over millions. The popularity of computers has also brought with it the popularity of porn over the internet. There is no one who can stop children of illegal age to watch porn over the internet. Some say that the new generation is getting spoiled because of the access to the internet and computers at home and at schools. With the advent of computers, the privacy of the people has been stolen from them as anyone anywhere can take photographs from digital cameras and make videos. However, the society would still have suffered if there were no computers. We would still be living in the middle ages if the use of computers would not have flourished in the society. It would not have been possible to have a video chat with your relative living in another continent for free if the computers would not have been invented.

An Environmental Risk Assessment Environmental Sciences Essay

An Environmental Risk Assessment Environmental Sciences Essay All over the world, rapid industrial development of metropolitan cities have always resulted in a growth in population and also in the general increase of the size of municipal solid waste generated. The management of municipal solid waste, if not handled properly, will lead to various problems now and in the future. Developed countries in the world have, to a large extent succeeded in handling their waste using various principles and methods. From suitable collection methods to technologically advanced disposal methods, they have made sure that municipal solid waste has been effectively controlled in their cities. Unfortunately, the same cannot be said about other developing countries of the world. Developing countries such as Nigeria are still battling with municipal solid waste management. As a direct result of the oil boom, Port Harcourt city, the capital of Rivers State, Nigeria (which is the case study of this research work) has experienced a major rural- urban migration. The population has almost tripled over the years. This has, in turn, led to a massive increase in the sheer volume of solid waste generated within the city.. Approximately 168,201 tonnes of solid waste are produced in the city of Port Harcourt every year and waste disposal has not been effectively handled. Residents resort to indiscriminate discarding of their waste at every given opportunity The most common means of waste disposal in the city by the public are mainly by dumping the refuse by the road, burning the refuse in the open air in their compounds, littering it openly on street corners and also dumping them in rivers and streams and drainage systems. These methods of waste disposal contribute greatly to the degradation of the environment in so many ways. However, very little is done to reuse and recycle the solid waste generated. Research shows that a huge percentage of the public do not recycle and reuse their wastes which indicates that the awareness level of the public about reuse and recycling of waste in Port Harcourt city is very low and offers a lot of prospect for improvement. This study therefore investigates the reasons why proper waste disposal methods are neglected by residents of Port Harcourt. It also seeks to discover why the method of Reuse and Recycle of waste is not getting the awareness and Government support it greatly deserves. Recommendations were made about strategies that will allow the government and stakeholders involved to advance on modern methods of waste Reuse and Recycling as a core aspect of municipal solid waste management in the city. Through the use of data collated via questionnaires, it was gathered that a majority of respondents agree that reuse and recycling of waste can positively impact the environment, create revenue and also employment opportunities. It reconnoitres the link between reuse and recycling of solid waste as a means to create revenue and to ultimately achieve sustainable development in the future. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION BACKGROUND OF STUDY According to Shah (2000), solid waste is defined as any material that is unwanted or thrown away. The general community views waste as something worthless that should be destroyed or thrown away. As such, proper disposal of waste has constituted huge disposal problems. People commonly dump their household solid waste on the road side, unapproved dumpsites and illegal landfills. This has brought about untold environmental pollution as well as major setbacks in societal development (Mbata 2010). Waste in general is a threat to the environment, because of its negative environmental impacts that result from littering, dumping of wastes illegally, and greenhouse gas emissions (Hosetti 2006). Waste contaminates ground water and can cause serious health hazards if not handled and managed properly. In developing countries like Nigeria and indeed Africa in general, industrial development has enhanced the problems of rapid urbanization. In Nigeria today, solid waste management is one of the principal problems faced by the state and local government authorities in Nigeria. Solid waste management in Nigeria is basically pigeon-holed by ineffective collection and disposal methods (Ogwueleka 2009). As such, Ogu (2000) observed that solid waste management continues to remain a formidable challenge to most developing countries. The progression of civilization in developing nations such as Nigeria has greatly enhanced waste generation; making it even more complex to handle (Jayarama, 2011). Owing to the growing population of Nigeria, the volume of waste produced is also increasing in metropolitan cities like Port Harcourt, especially as it is an oil producing area and the exploration of oil has led to an increase in movement of people from rural to urban areas (Odiba, 2009). This rapid expansion of key cities in Nigeria, like Port Harcourt, has led to the dilapidation of the environment mostly by domestic waste (Onyinlola, 2005). According to UNEP (2009) population growth and industrialization has resulted in rapid increase in the types and volume of solid waste generated therein. Research shows that relocation of the people from rural to urban areas does not only increase the revenue of the country, but also increases the total volume of municipal solid waste generated in such areas. (Adedokun, 2009). Municipal solid waste disposal methods are an aspect that raises serious concern in a third world country such as Nigeria. The common methods of solid waste disposal in some countries especially Nigeria is by landfill, open dumping on the streets, and by burning the waste in backyards or in an open space. Unfortunately, roughly 65% of household wastes are dumped straight into rivers or streams in Nigeria (Rakshit 2009). The use of dumpsites and landfills as waste disposal systems is yet another common means of waste disposal in Port Harcourt, Nigeria. This leads to very negative environmental impacts such as the emission of methane gas which contributes essentially to global warming and also reduces the amount of land available for development (Olowomeye 2010). Dumping of waste in landfills also leads to ground water contamination of the entire surrounding areas. Okosun(2011) also observed that uncontrolled dumping of wastes by roadsides results in various health hazards and reduces the aesthetic quality of the environment. Through research shows that the problems associated with waste disposal can be traced back to the 14th century when the littering of food waste and other solid wastes in the town led to the outbreak of diseases that caused the death of half of the Europeans at the time (Bortoleto 2011). Over the years, research has continually shown that the main reason for solid waste problems in urban areas of developing nations is due to high population growth rates and the prevailing poverty (Affun 2009). The economic and social growth of a country or city always results in increased production and manufacturing activities. This, in turn, leads to activities that are synonymous with human existence such as production, manufacturing, waste generation and disposal. As a direct result of the processes of manufacturing and disposal of consumables, there is a significant increase of the rate of pollution. This depletes valuable natural resources and also releases toxic energy which pollutes the environment, making sustainable development impossible to achieve. Sustainability as a word has always been used in our everyday lingo. According to Hideroni (2006) it is defined in a perspective of natural environmental protection, population growth and economic gap between developed and developing countries. Sustainable development entails an environmentally comprehensive, cost effective and socially suitable management of solid waste (Roberts, 2003). Sustainable development is a theory that has to be integrated into the everyday lives of the populace if we want to achieve a better quality of life for our unborn children (Dernbach, 2002). In the recordings of the International Council for Local Initiatives(ICLI),sustainable development is such that provides environmental, social and economic amenities to all citizens of the society without disrupting the capability of the natural built social systems upon which the delivery of these services depend on. The main aim of sustainable development is to regenerate the badly damaged environment and ensur e that generations unborn do not face the adverse effects of our neglect on the environment. Therefore, solid waste management with sustainable development in mind encourages countries to generate less waste, re-use most consumables, recycle and try their utmost best to recover and reuse all the waste produced, thereby ensuring that the future generation are not affected by the impacts of the current generation (Mbata 2010). Sustainable development is a concept that needs to be taken into attention for effective waste management. With regards to this, countries all over the world including Nigeria, are striving to achieving sustainability (Hasheela, 2009). Therefore, all necessary steps and precautions should be taken to achieve this goal PROBLEM STATEMENT Having a population of over 165million people and an annual growth rate of 5.6%, Nigeria is considered the largest country in Africa. Growth rate of urban areas in Nigeria has increased from 25% in 1975 to 46% in 1995(George,2010) Estimates by the World Bank indicate that by the year 2005, more than 65% of Nigerians would have migrated to urban areas such as Lagos, Port Harcourt, Delta, Calabar and Abuja (Alkali, 2005). The cause for this relocation is essentially due to oil exploration activities of oil companies in these areas. As a result of this, the wastes generated from these areas have been on the increase and its disposal and effective management is a huge challenge to the government and municipalities involved. It can be observed that the major problem associated with solid waste management comes about due to the large heaps of refuse dumped illegally by the road sides and market places (Odiba 2003). As horrid as it sounds, it is still common practise in Nigeria to dump wast e illegally without thinking of the impact of such practices on our environment. Waste management problems in Nigerian cities according to (Ogwueleka 2009) are typically associated with lack of concern and participation from the general public. He further stated that most of the waste policies are made without putting the public, who are the main waste generators, into thought. The manner, in which waste is controlled in Port Harcourt, Nigeria (the study area) is a big threat to the environment and can cause health hazards (Hasheela2009). A plethora of health hazards such as malaria fever, typhoid fever, diarrhoea, cholera and even skin diseases have been shown to be the effects of poor waste management in any environment (Guobadia 2011). It is needless to say that ineffective waste management is a big danger to the goal of sustainable development and if no positive advances are made in the area of managing waste, there will be catastrophic, long term environmental impacts on the people now and generations unborn. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES AIM The principal aim of this project is to examine and discover the various ways how the Reuse and Recycling of Municipal Solid Wastes can lead to sustainable development and revenue generation. To establish, through comprehensive analysis and statistical analysis that waste Reuse and recycling the most suitable method of Municipal Solid Waste Management in a developing country such as Nigeria and can ultimately lead to Sustainable development. Objectives To evaluate the various already existing techniques/methods of Municipal Solid waste collection and disposal in Port Harcourt city and Nigeria as a whole. To determine, based on an Environmental Risk Assessment, the most significant waste related risk currently in the case study area (Port Harcourt) To appraise the present level of awareness shown by the public and the current efforts of the government in creating more awareness and providing environmental education to members of the public on efficient, environmental friendly methods of waste disposal such as Reuse and recycling. To explore the barriers that prevents the reusing and recycling of the major components of Municipal solid waste such as paper waste, plastic waste. To deal with Solid waste reuse and recycling as important aspects of national economy and environmental as a means of sustainable development and revenue generation. Research Questions This study is concerned with achieving sustainable development and potential revenue generation through Reuse and Recycling as a method of Municipal Solid Waste Management. It will seek to answer the following: Why is there a need to reuse and recycle municipal solid waste? In what ways can Reuse and recycling of municipal solid waste lead to the achievement of sustainable development? Can Revenue generation be guaranteed through the continuous use of reuse and recycling as the core method of municipal solid waste management? 1.5 Significance of study Sustainable development is the ultimate goal of every society and should be pursued with all diligence. This research highlights the significance of municipal solid waste (such as paper glass and plastics) as useful resources through reuse and recycling towards Sustainable development and revenue generation for Port Harcourt city and Nigeria as a country. 1.6 Scope and limitation of study This project work was limited to only the processes of reuse and recycling of municipal solid waste as a means to sustainable development in Port Harcourt city. Only recyclable waste such as plastics, paper and glass were used as a case study because they are the major waste materials found in municipal solid waste in Port Harcourt. However, all other processes of municipal waste management such as composition, collection, transportation and disposal were also looked to during the course of this research. 1.7 Structure of Study Chapter 1 gives an introduction to the research, covers the background of the study, discusses its aims and objectives, and also proposes relevant research questions. Chapter 2 details the literature reviews of municipal waste management, views reuse and recycling as a means for sustainable development and revenue generation, and also the present-day situation of waste management in Nigeria Chapter 3 shows the methodology employed for achieving the set aims and objectives of the study. Chapter 4 discusses the results and draws conclusions from the data generated. Chapter 5 finally discusses the summary findings, shows the researchers conclusions and his suggested recommendations for the best way forward. d recommendations for the best way forward. CHAPTER TWO Literature Review 2.1 Definition of Waste Waste is a direct consequence of human existence and activity. It can be said to be totally unavoidable. Different definitions of waste abound. It is, however, important to state that the term waste is very subjective. This is because, what one person may consider as waste can be viewed as an object of high value by another person.(Ajomo, 2010). A very strict legal definition of waste to comply with the law is therefore necessary; as such firm definitions of waste have legal, financial and social implications for the government, local authorities, businesses, and the general public (Williams 2005). In common parlance, waste can be defined as any product or material that is unwanted. Wright (1990) describes waste as anything that has lost its utility value in the sight of the original owner and everyone else in general. However, the European Council framework Directive (waste Framework Directive 75/442/EEC 1975) offers a legal definition of waste. It defines waste as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦any material where the holder has an intention to discard the material as no longer part of the normal commercial cycle of the chain of utility This is the universally recognised definition of waste. Different countries may have slightly different deviations of this definition based on their laws, culture and prevailing times, circumstances and practices. According to the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), under the auspices of Provision Decree 42 of 1988, waste is said to be substances or objects which are disposed of, or are intended to be disposed of, or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of the law of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (Omobolaji, 2010) 2.2 Classification of waste There are different types of wastes that can be found all around us. Different nations define/classify waste according to the state in which the waste is formed i.e. solid, gas or liquid or the way the waste is generated. Based on this, waste can be classified Industrial waste, household wastes, medical waste, construction waste, commercial wastes, radioactive wastes, etc. However, in general terms, all these types of wastes can be classed into two main kinds, namely Controlled and Uncontrolled wastes: Controlled Waste Controlled wastes, according to the provisions of the Control of Pollution Act !974 (COPA) are said to be mainly Household waste commercial/ industrial wastes. It is a UK term covering waste subject to a duty of care under the Environmental Protection Act of 1990. Industrial Wastes: these are wastes that are generated as a direct result of industrial practices. They include waste thermoplastics, waste wood cuttings and trimmings etc. However, they do not include plastic medical waste, waste steel cuttings and waste paper (Environmental Law Library 2010). Commercial Wastes: They are the various waste materials gotten from trade and business buildings and activities. Household Wastes: Are those waste products generated from activities inside a residential house. Examples of this kind of wastes are garden waste, paper and cardboard, glass, food remnants, wood etc. Non-Controlled waste Non controlled wastes are classified as those waste products that are not under the direct control and jurisdiction of the appropriate local authority. These kinds of wastes include wastes that are as a direct result of mining and quarrying activities, and agricultural wastes and also, radioactive wastes (Wright, 2003) Agricultural Wastes: These wastes are primarily the types that arise from agricultural activities such as livestock litter. They also include waste pesticides asbestos roofing material and also waste oil coming from machinery, chemicals with hazardous properties etc. Radioactive Wastes: these refer to waste that contain radioactive materials. They usually originate from nuclear power plants, or industries that emit radioactive substances or compounds during the course of their operations( Barnstein,2009) http://www.eauc.org.uk/image_uploads_waste/wasteclassificationframework_large.jpg Figure 2.2.1 Classifications of Wastes (Source: EAUC, 2009) 2.3 Municipal Solid Waste Management Municipal solid waste (MSWs) refers to all the solid waste generated within a given municipality. They are primarily organic and inorganic in nature and are produced in residential homes, office complex, shops, hospitals etc. Although everybody in the society has the duty to dispose of refuse in a decent manner, municipal solid waste is usually the responsibility of the local government authorities (Okogbue, 2001). Municipal solid waste is those wastes collected by metropol5ises independent of the main source of waste (Bernstein, 2009). Such wastes include household wastes; waste produced by business buildings and small neighbourhood stores. They do not, however, include waste from industrial practices or agricultural solid waste (Filemon, 2008) In the words of Robert Klein (2002) municipal solid waste refers to the assemblage, transfer, treatment, recycling, and disposal of solid waste in urban areas. The goal of municipal solid waste management are targeted at promoting the quality of the urban environment, generate employment and income, and protecting environmental health (Ogwueleka, 2009). According to Kit Strangen (2002), municipal solid waste may comprise of some, if not all of the following items: Street garbage/litter or sweepings. Household waste (usually generated from recycling and composting waste deposited by house residents at waste disposal sites). Hazardous waste (in small quantities gotten from households) Garden/green waste and Bulky solid waste also generated from households. Municipal Solid Waste management can be said to encompass all the activities that has to do with handling all the waste generated within a municipality, from the point of source, to the final point of disposal. In the words of McGraw(1993), municipal solid waste management is the discipline attendant with the control of the generation, storage, collection, transfer, processing and control of disposal of solid waste in a manner that is in accord with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics and other environmental considerations and that is also responsive to public attitudes Bloomberg (1989) described solid waste management as the discipline that deals with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in agreement with the best principles of public health, economics, preservation, aesthetics and other environmental concerns and that is also responsive to public expe ctations and outlooks. The United Nations (1997) defines solid waste management as the entire process of control and supervision of solid wastes from its point of generation to its end point of disposal. 2.4 Principles of Waste Management Solid waste management has been said to refer to all activities relating to the control, assortment, relocation, treatment and handling of solid waste in agreement with the best values of public living and other environmental considerations (Shan, 2000). Therefore, operative principles of waste management comprises of waste prevention, reduction, recycling, treatment and disposal in the environment (Shan, 2000). Failure to effectively manage waste in the environment leads to rapid degradation and it poses long term problems to everyone. Research has shown that, in order to successfully manage waste and minimise the damaging effects it has on the environment, some strategies should be adopted and implemented: Waste Recovery (waste recycling, re-use and treatment) Prevention of waste generation Environmentally friendly Waste disposal. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Waste_hierarchy.svg/300px-Waste_hierarchy.svg.png Figure 2.4: Waste Management Hierarchy (Source: Liennmann, 2009) These strategies are aimed at reducing the overall amount of waste produced by encouraging proper management of waste. It also aims at recovering as much value as possible from all the waste generated. As shown on figure 2.4, waste prevention should ideally be the first approach to waste management before other options are considered (Klein, 2000). Effective implementation of this waste management hierarchy will lead to a reduction in the volume of the final waste disposed (Hasheela 2009). Magali and Bodart (2010) suggested that for sustainable development to be achieved, waste management activities should be dedicated towards waste reduction, which is at the top of the hierarchy, using the very practicably best environmental choices. Therefore the main aim of the waste management hierarchy is the reduction of waste at source. Waste recovery and reuse should be the secondary aim as they involve other processes such as recycling, composting, and recovery of energy. However, recent studies have shown that the waste management hierarchy strategy is not the most effective. This is because it is not based on any scientific principle.it cannot specifically choose the best system for a city or country to adopt. For example, the waste management strategy cannot equate composting and incineration; or recycling and landfilling in terms of their environmental impacts and cost (Letcher, 2004). This goes to show that the waste hierarchy should be followed flexibly as a guide rather than rigidly in order to achieve a stable environmental, economic and social solution (Raven, 2011) Aside from the above mentioned constraint, implementing this strategy in a developing country such as Nigeria will be difficult. This is because of the prevailing norms of illegal refuse disposal all across the nation. It will therefore entail adequate environmental awareness/education for the public. More so, stringent environmental laws and regulations should be implemented by all concerned. 2.4.1 Prevention of Waste Waste prevention remains the best form of waste management because it is the most effective way of reducing the amount of waste that is generated. It is also the most environmental friendly means has it has absolutely no effect on the environment. It reduces pollution, saves electricity and saves far more energy than all other means of waste prevention (Vallero, 2004). Finkbeiner (2003) stated that the number one priority in waste management should be waste prevention as it is the best way to stop the accumulation of waste and a reduction of loss of resources. This process should be started at the source of production. The primary approach of waste prevention and reduction is for the manufacturers to redesign and package their products with the lowest toxicity and least volume of material. Industrialist and households can also reduce their waste by selective buying and recycle of some products and materials (Angell, 1995). It can be said that waste reduction depends mainly on the consumers and the choices they make. As such production and manufacturing companies should adopt cleaner trends in the production process. They should also try to encouragement the consumers choice to support less wasteful products and services (CEC 2001). This can be achieved through the use of clean technology. Their ability to choose sustainable products that have the least negative effect on the environment is the key to sustainable waste management (Spoolman, 2008). 2.4.2 Recovery of Waste/Energy Recovery is a waste management method whereby the biological, physical or chemical essence of a waste product is altered in order to reduce the effect of such waste on the environment (Cheremisinoff, 2003) Energy can be recovered through various means; example chemical, thermal, physical and biological processes. Some waste management strategies for recovery of energy include: Composting: This is an environmental friendly way of decreasing the volume of waste produced and also producing fertilizer (Bertoldi, 2006). Because of the low negative impact it has on the environment, the European Union has rated this method of waste disposal very high (DEFRA, 2006). It is a microbial based aerobic method that deals with the gains of resource efficiency and creates useful products from waste material that could have otherwise been discarded (USEPA 2011). The process of composting is particularly favoured for use in the tropical and hot climate countries. This is because of the high rate of biodegradation in those regions as a result of the climate. According to Tyler and Scott (1999) almost 70% of the waste streams in developing countries are compostable. The general procedure of composting is such that the organic ratios of municipal solid wastes is isolated from the inorganic portions and then laid bare to composting, this can be done in a mechanized fashion usin g machines and tools to handle the wastes and regulate the composting conditions. Composting can also be semi mechanized in which case the composting process is allowed to occur naturally and less machinery is used. Composting also removes the organic matter in the waste stream thereby improving the recycling and incineration processes. Nevertheless, a number of greenhouse gases such as methane, carbon dioxide etc. are released into the atmosphere during this process, among other things, hence it is obvious that composting has its negative environmental impacts. Incineration: Incineration is another method of reducing municipal solid waste. It essentially entails the combustion of waste materials with the use of an incinerator under temperatures of over 1000 Degree Celsius (Environmental Protection Department, 2005). During the incineration process, solid waste is sorted out on the basis of their combustibility. Thereafter, the combustible materials among the waste are thrown into the incinerator and burnt. Incineration of waste is a highly effective method of reducing waste as studies have shown that it reduces the amount of waste dumped in landfills by up to 80% volume and weight (Roberts, 1978). However, this method is quite capital intensive and also requires high maintenance cost and technical expertise. This is why it is only popular among developed nations and countries such as Nigeria do not readily practice it (World Bank, 2002). Anaerobic absorption : Anaerobic digestion is a biochemical procedure that takes place when there is an build-up of wet organic matter, in the lack of dissolved oxygen. Through the action of anaerobic microorganisms, organic matter is converted to water, methane and new cells. These are then collected and used as gaseous fuel while the soil dregs are used as soil conditioner. Anaerobic absorption also aids processes of landfilling by eliminating sticky organic waste materials that are responsible for gaseous and liquid radiations. It is normally carried out in close tanks that allow for the collection of large portions of biogas produced (Keller, 2007) Studies indicate that this process of waste management reduces the total volume and weight of waste generated by over 25% (Jason, 2009). It is fundamental to create renewable energy from biodegradable waste, rather than contributing to climate change through the release of methane gas that occurs during landfilling and incineration (Marek, 2007) According to EA (2001), methane gas is 20mtimes more potent than CO2 as a greenhouse gas. The residue gathered from anaerobic absorption comes in both liquid and solid form. This residue is known as digestate and is used to condition the soil and also as a fertilizer. This by-product is used widely on farms in countries like Germany, Sweden, and Austria. (Hardtle,2007) propounds that about 0.46% of electricity needed in the UK can be generated through the anaerobic digestion of food waste. Unfortunately, the usage of anaerobic absorption in developing countries like Nigeria is very limited due to lack of expertise, technology and the relevant infrastructure. Landfilling: For landfilling, the solid waste is dumped and spread over the land and is left for its transformation to humus. This is attained by the biodegradation of the waste matter. Landfilling is the final step in the disposal of waste that cannot be treated or recycled, together with other residues from waste that cannot be collected, separated or handled in any other way (Nemerow,2007) There are three types of landfill carried out in Africa today, namely open or dump landfill, semi controlled or operated landfill and sanitary landfill. Open /dump landfill is the most crude form of landfilling and that is the one still being practiced in most developing countries