Colorado River Pollution Essay Example

Colorado River Pollution Paper River supplies water to most of the southwestern United States and despite this fact, pollution levels are continually rising and in some cases above acceptable limits. The Colorado River supplies and runs through five states and during some parts of the year to the Mexican border. During the rivers journey various types of pollutants come into contact to with it degrading the water quality downstream. The river water benefits humans in multiple ways the first obvious answer is by drinking it. Farming and other agricultural uses demand 60% and sometimes as much as 90% of its water. Using polluted water for irrigation passes the contaminants into the crops and ultimately onto our dinner tables. Water is scarce in the southwestern United States and water is essential for human survival. The Colorado River is the primary reason why the southwest can sustain the massive population in the region. Without this lifeline? of freshwater, we must find another means of supplying water to millions. Desalinating the water from the Pacific Ocean is not yet cost effective enough to handle the demand although about 8% to 10% of the water applied to Southern California comes from desalination plants. Every year the government allocates more water from the Colorado River that is unrelated to human survival. According to an article in the San Diego Union Tribune Oil and natural-gas drilling in Colorado requires so much water that if its annual demand were satisfied all at once, it would be the equivalent of shutting off most of Southern Californians water for five days. (Hastener, 2008). During his term, President Bush authorized more drilling in Colorado than at any time since 1984. With these types of policies taking hold f the river one must ask the question, what is more important energy or life? We will write a custom essay sample on Colorado River Pollution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Colorado River Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Colorado River Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The construction of the various dams along the Lower Colorado River system allowed small boomtowns to thrive along the banks of the now tamed river. Small towns and industrial facilities built close to river to take advantage of a good supply of water, and some used the rivers current to carry away pollutants. Of the many pollutants the river absorbs three are worth noting they are nitrates, percolate, and radioactive waste. Nitrates come from excessive human waste; this waste encounters the river wrought the ground when septic tanks become overloaded. Lake Haves, AZ, is the lake that supplies water for the California Aqueduct; moon tutoring wells routinely test for nitrates and other pollutants. High concentrations of nitrates in drinking water can decrease the oxygen carrying ability of hemoglobin. This intensity of this effect increases in babies; the common term is blue-baby syndrome. The nitrate levels found in the Lake Haves wells are four times higher the recommended EPA levels. Small town development cannot shoulder the blame for percolate pollution, as it is a chemical found in rocket fuel. However, lax industrial standards in a small budding town might be the cause for this pollution issue. A factory in Henderson, NV, in the suburbs of Alas Vegas, manufactures rocket fuel for the military. The company that operates the rocket fuel plant has already spent over 80 million dollars to reduce the amount of percolate flowing in Lake Mead. Despite these efforts approximately 400 pounds of percolate flows into the lake daily. The EPA or FDA has yet to identify acceptable levels of percolate, but the chemical has shown to cause thyroid and hormonal deficiencies. The next type of pollution is by far the most dangerous, radioactive Waste at any concentration is dangerous. In Mob, UT, along the Colorado River is a former uranium mill; 16 million tons of tailings from this mill have accumulated along the riverbanks. These tailings leach over 1 00,000 gallons of radioactive water into the river each day. According to the Center for Disease Control (CDC) water containing uranium is usually safe to drink but in elevated amounts can cause kidney defects and some types of cancer. In 2005, the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (ADAGE) formed he Clean Colorado River Alliance (The Alliance) under a recommendation from then Governor Janet Neapolitan. The Alliances first task was to develop recommendations for dealing with current water problems in the Colorado River. Next, address the water quality of the river for human sustainability now and into the future. Lastly develop an action plan for dealing with the pollution issues of the river; The Alliance delivered the final report to Governor Neapolitan in December 2005. The preliminary report outlined a partnership plan modeled after the Chesapeake Bay Program. Although major differences exist between the Colorado River cleanup project and the Chesapeake Bay reclaim project, the fundamental principles of a successful program are similar. The final report delivered to Governor Neapolitan is a detailed look into the major pollutants contained in the river system. The Alliance detail seven pollutants devoting a chapter to each one, including an action plan for dealing with the pollutant individually. The six pollutants covered are nutrients, metals, endocrine disrupting compounds, percolate, bacteria and pathogens, salinity/total solved solids, and sediments and suspended solids. The Alliances report gives a comprehensive action plan for reducing the amount of pollution in and river and improving overall water quality. The well- written report effectively follows the key lessons learned from the Chesapeake Bay Program. However, there is an overabundance of managing entities, too many hands in the pot extends deadlines effectively stalling any effort for actual physical cleanup. Eliminating certain entities from the mix would streamline the process of achieving a noticeable improvement in river water quality. Determining which entity to remove from the deciding process could be interesting the federal agencies carry more weight but the local agencies are at the frontline of the problem. The following sustained plan takes aim at Colorado River pollution from the source. Target main sources of pollution and develop strategies for elimination. Reduce the amount of water allocations for purposes not related to human survival. Increasing the amount of Water flowing through the river will decrease the concentrations of contaminants in the river. Lastly educate municipalities about the type of contaminants to look for and educate industrial facilities on how to dispose of polluting materials properly. Action Items Action Steps I Timeline I Target pollution at the source I Using the report from the Clean Colorado River Alliance to determine where the highest concentrations of pollution encounter the river. Eliminating the source will at least result in a substantial decrease in pollution. I Months 0-6 | Review Water Allocations I Identify and prioritize water allocations in order of human importance. Impose stop work penalties on industrial facilities that do not meet the predetermined incineration levels. I Months 6-14 Educational Educate the various state and local governments about what type of contaminants to look for and best practices for removing the pollution. Teach management of local water facilities how to interpret findings from well test reports. Educate industry professionals about how to dispose of hazardous or potentially hazardous materials that affect water quality properly. I Month 14-ongoing I The benefits of this plan are that it takes a proactive approach to pollution reduction. We know where pollutants come from but most other sustained Lana attempt to clean already polluted water. This plan targets pollution where it first encounters the river instead of attempting to deal with the aftermath. The amount of water the Colorado River can generate is limited; sending water to where it is needed the most is common sense. This plan proposes not monetary penalties but stop work penalties, when the economy is strong companies are able to pay fines for over pollution and continue degrading the downstream water quality. Eliminating fines leaves no other alternative but to change destructive work practices that pertain to the river. Education is the key for any issue, and this issue is no exception. Educating local water municipalities will ensure water quality standards set forth by the EPA are met consistently. This plan also contains numerous challenges, since this river flows though multiple states and affects numerous industries it undoubtedly meet resistance. Targeted polluters would have to change current business practices to eliminate pollution; often a substantial cost would be involved. Some companies simply do not have the capital for such change and risk going out of business. Water allocations are determined at the federal level wrought congress, so getting changes in allocations would take costly lobbying and extended legislation. However, one alternative could be to lobby the President to declare the river endangered. Although education is the key, everyone learns different and developing a curriculum that appeals to everyone is difficult and costly. Society has an obligation to itself to preserve life; with water, a necessity for life the decision to support any type of water sustained plan is eliminated. The people included in any American society all have the ability to use their voices for change. Elected officials in the federal government hear their voices that in turn develop new laws and regulations. To make any type of sustained plan a successful endeavor requires support from the federal government. The government either controls or at least heavily influences most of the affairs concerning the Colorado River. The fed can only introduce and put new laws into effect the local and state authorities must enforce the laws and regulations. Americanizes. Org named the Colorado River Americas most endangered river.

Sartre Essays - Philosophy, Existentialism, Culture, Free Essays

Sartre Essays - Philosophy, Existentialism, Culture, Free Essays Sartre Sartres essay on existentialism was relatively an easy reading mostly because of his frequent use of examples. His ideas on existentialism are in a way backed up and explained through his examples. Morality and the responsibility of maintaining morality through free will seem to be the predominant point Sarte wants us to understand. He explains the reasons through existentialism. There are basically two types of existentialism: Christian and atheistic. They both believe that existence precedes essence. Sarte believes in the atheistic approach and therefore believes in mans free will. Sarte states that man is nothing else but what he makes of himself. Man will be what he will have planned to be not what he will want to be. Man is able to do whatever he wants according to the free will approach. However, Sarte believes that man is responsible for far more than just himself. Mans responsibility encompasses all men. Ideally, I feel that this is a morally good concept. Suppose before we throw a piece of garbage out the car window we ask ourselves what it would be like if everybody threw garbage out the window. Then we decide not to because we would then live in a huge garbage dump. Im mostly in agreement with the ideas expressed by Sarte. Like Ponge saidman is the future of man. We all should be more aware of our broader responsibilities, not just our individual ones. If we do that then this world would be a much better place to live in. Quietism is a concept I do not agree with. Sartes emphasis on action is a good one. I do believe that nothing ventured is nothing gained.

Caricoo Cuchifrito Caribean Restaurant Assignment

Caricoo Cuchifrito Caribean Restaurant - Assignment Example Having good and quality food in a restaurant is a very essential thing while opening a restaurant. Only good food does not make the business flourish. The attitude of the waiters, management, ambiance, promotions, discounts etc all add into the food businesses nowadays. The effective promotion of the restaurant and change in the attitude of the staff is aimed in this project. Cost, time, scope and quality all play vital role in running the business successfully.The project would be divided and sub divided into different categories which will be discussed later on. It is an individual project. Management requires skills and better understanding of the organization or project’s requirements. It cannot be done unless and until the manager knows how to deal with different people and situations at different times. Successful leadership plays a vital role in the completion of the project. An effective leadership holds on the project and ensures the work is done on time. It deals with a lot of category of people including the staff, the contractors, and the customers and so on. One needs to be clever and should be ready to accept any critique and should be able to face any challenges or changed situation that occurs. The organizational format for the project under consideration is ‘Pure Project’. Performance and team dynamics like personality traits, fluency in a certain technology, organizational culture etc. has a huge impact on the production of deliverables and meeting customers’ expectations. ... Management requires skills and better understanding of the organization or project’s requirements. It cannot be done unless and until the manager knows how to deal with different people and situations at different times. Successful leadership plays a vital role in the completion of the project. An effective leadership holds on the project and ensures the work is done on time. It deals with a lot of category of people including the staff, the contractors, and the customers and so on. One needs to be clever and should be ready to accept any critique and should be able to face any challenges or changed situation that occurs. The organizational format for the project under consideration is ‘Pure Project’. Performance and team dynamics like personality traits, fluency in a certain technology, organizational culture etc. has a huge impact on the production of deliverables and meeting customers’ expectations. 2. Due Week 3 Scope Statement 2.1 Project Scope Stateme nt: Businesses are set up to gain profit. Business has to run in profit and not in loss. Businessmen try to cut off the expenditure on a business so that more money is saved which adds to the total profit. Businessmen never run their business in loss. This project will be a boost to annual profit of the business by attracting more customers with the help of brand recognition, good management and promotion of the business through different ways and mediums. 2.1.1 The project name: The name of the project is â€Å"Caricoo Cuchifrito Caribean Restaurant†. 2.1.2 The project charter: Promotion of the restaurant â€Å"Caricoo Cuchifrito Caribean† is the main aim of the whole project. To achieve the target, certain policies and strategies have been prepared which wil be

Investigative journalism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Investigative journalism - Assignment Example quake struck the Port-au-Prince in 2010 January along the Hispaniola Dominican Republic-Haiti border, the initial response brought the two nations together. For instance, the two nations worked together by developing emergency aids tools equipped with health professionals supported by the United Nations to control the condition. Nevertheless, neither Dominican majority citizens nor its government has shown mercy to the Haitian Immigrants in their midst through political, social and human rights (Maximay, P. 73). For instance, Jenny Moron, a Santo Domingo based legal coordinator for the movement of the Dominican-Haiti women rights concur with abuses, discrimination and social prejudice faced by the Haitian immigrants from the Dominican Republic citizens. Conversely, within the Southern Border that provides a link between the Dominican Pedernales town, and the Anse-a-Pitre Haitian city emerge as the source of conflicts that exists between the two nations. Along this region, it has been found that, there are a lot of crimes cases committed by the Dominican border guards to the Haitians immigrants. For example, there are stabbing cases and shooting of the Haitian motorists who tries to cross the border for social amenities and human needs (Maximay, P. 59). However, when the January 2010 earthquake struck the Haitian-Dominican border, the Dominican Republic responded ineffectively to opening of the border for free cross of Humanitarians’, food and medical supplies. For this reason, there was a lot of congestion of the Haitian immigrants at the cross-border resulting in the outbreak of communicable diseases such as Cholera, increased cases of death and loss of property (Meruane & Rosenberg, P 156). At this pathetic condition, the Dominican Republic ordered the border closure with justification of trying to control the spread of the communicable diseases. From a different scenario, thousand Haitian inhabitants that are dependent on the Dominican Pedernales markets for

Visual Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Visual Art - Essay Example The Egyptians were the earliest people to invent pictorial forms of expression (hieroglyphs). These hieroglyphs were helpful in translating the complex human expressions into symbols, which had a more defined meaning for each symbol. A suitable sequencing of such symbols, thus became the earliest form of communicable written language. The society progressed, and so did this language. The system of symbols gave birth to the system of letters (or alphabets), and a combination of such letters (words) gave rise to an increasing number of possibilities of expression. Later, with the integration of the societies, it became necessary to extend the reach of this written expression by making it portable. Initial forms of portable writings, such as clay or stone tablets, gave way to the easily portable papyrus texts. With the advent of inventions like the printing press, and the development of paper technology, the written word acquired a universal reach through books, newspapers and other med ia, and became a firmly established form of communication and expression. However, human perception and expression is neither bound by the written word, nor by logic. The flights of human mind continue to depend on imagery, and the interpretation of its innumerable shades. This is emphasized by the strong presence of visual depictions, such as sketches and paintings of portraits, ceremonies and other events like wars, alongside written text, since ages. As the paintings and sketches were usually commissioned works, they had an element of glorification of reality. During the later half of the nineteenth century, the essential fabric of the society was undergoing vast changes due to the innovations in the communication technology, and the resultant progress in industrial and economic activity. Therefore the invention of the photograph during the same period found an instant appeal with the masses. It could stir up emotions like never before, because of its visual projection of reality. Unlike sketches and paintings, it projected the society in all its manifestations, the good, the bad, and the ugly. It could create the same impact on the literate masses and the 'not so literate'. Since language was not a barrier, it had a universal reach. Gradually, it became possible to transmit the photographs all over the world, at comparatively lower costs, giving it a universal appeal. Through the concept of photojournalism ushered in 1856, people got a feel of the real action, when they viewed pictures of war, grand ceremonies, accidents and other importa nt events from all over the world, sitting right in their homes. No amount of written matter could have produced the same impact on their psyche, as the visual one created by the photograph. Hence it would be apt to state that "Photographs may have placed greater importance on the visual over the written. A picture, after all, is worth a thousand words". Nevertheless, just as a masterpiece of painting still needs a title in words, the visual impact of a photograph, though superior, is greatly enhanced, if it is supported by written words. The spread of the Photograph and rise of consumerism: The nineteenth century saw a tremendous change in the lifestyles of people. The industrial and technological revolution spread to distant and remote places, facilitated by railways and other transport systems, so as to tap

The role of SMEs on economic development

The role of SMEs on economic development SMEs has an important role in the development of an economic of a country (both developing and developed countries). They bring lots of benefits like employment generation, exports, foreign currency, investment, income and wealth distribution. These benefits lead to an economics growth of a country and many countries has been encouraging the setting up of small and medium business. Organization like World Bank Group approved more than $ 1.5 billion to SME support program in 2002 as it is believed that SME play and contribute to future expansion of an economy. SMEs is one of the most important economic pillars in Mauritius. The main role of SMEs in Mauritius is to create jobs so as to reduce unemployment rate. Not to forget that in early 1980s, when there was economics recession in Mauritius result in big unemployment rate, it was specified that SMEs could create 10% of jobs. As this was proof of the importance of SMEs The Government of Mauritius have come and provide new facilities and help to these companies by making availability of finance at low interest rate and taxes lowered on export , machinery and parts also. A special organization has been found by the Government called SMEDA to assist the small and medium firm to grow and establish them self. Most of the SMEs generate fund internally or by taking loans. SMEs use a combination of long term sources of finance which is called capital structure. Financial instrument SMEs usually use; Micro Credit Government loans and grants Leasing Loans from financial firms Personal savings There are some internal and external factor that affect small, micro and medium firm , namely: Competition from bigger firm. Financial resource constraint. Access to research and development tool. Assistance for new ideas and creativity. Liability issues. Fluctuation in the economy. Difficult to obtain significant market share. Government law and policy. Narain, 2004: SMEs are born out of individual initiatives and skills, offer low cost product, production flexibility and can adopt new technology and innovate and export, have high employment orientation, utilize locally available human and material resources and reduce regional imbalances. SME distinction: Autonomous firm(either a proprietor, partnership or linked enterprise ) Partner firm( which does not cause problem in ownership and decision making) Linked firm ( has a small share in the firm and few authority) Micro firm Definition: Micro firms form part of small firm and are often unregistered. They usually single owner and have no employees and are generally young. Micro firm produce and distribute goods in unregulated but competitive markets. These firms are usually independent, largely family owned, employ low level of skills and use low and affordable technology and are highly labor intensive. Micro firm provide income and employment to a reasonable proportion of people in a country by producing goods and services for the population Small firm Definition: Small firm are usually a business that is privately owned (corporations, partnership or sole proprietor) and have a low volume of sales. One of the most used definition of small firms: one with a relatively small share of market, one that is managed by its owners in a personalized and independent way, i.e. free from outside control in decision making. [ Stanworth (1991)]. These small firms are not usually dominant in the market and are not a big threat to large and quoted firms Medium firm Definition: Medium firm are normally engaged in industrial and more complex activities that small and micro firms and are registered companies. They usually import and export goods. Small, Micro and Medium firm can begin or commerce activities on a low budget and can be managed easily on a full time or part time basis. Decisions are take freely and there is no interference in the work done. Demarcate between Micro, Small and Medium firm. According to OECD, Small and Medium firm are usually defines according to the number of employee, capital, asset, sales volume and production ability to produce adequate goods. The differentiation criterion varies from country to country like the employment criterion which is usually used to demarcate hem, for example a country may limit medium employee to 300 when others may limit it to 200 employees. As per SMEDA Act, it definition include all Enterprise in the economic sector and they use turnover criterion to demarcate them. Medium firm are define separately from small firm as they have different needs and objective. They usually are more sophisticate firms and well technology averse while small firm are usually in a developmental state. Normally there are three criteria to differentiate Micro, Small and Medium firms from each other: Staff headcount Annual turnover Annual Balance Sheet Comparing these 3 criteria allow you to determined the type of the firm, i.e. Micro, Small or Medium. Staff headcount. The number of employee is an important factor to determine in which category SME the firm falls. It include full time, part time and seasonal employee. The employees head count is expressed in annual work unit. Full time staff is count as 1unit whereas part time and seasonal worker are count as a fraction of 1 full time worker. Annual turnover and Balance sheet. The annual turnover is determined by calculating the income of the firm during its financial year after all debt has been paid. Turnover should not include VAT or any indirect taxes and the Balance sheet should refer to the value of the form main assets You are autonomous when no other people have participation in ur firm or you in other firm. Classification of SME: Mauritius Micro firm Small Firm Medium Turnover N.A Balance Sheet N.A Employees N.A 0-10 0-250 Europe Micro firm Small firm Medium Turnover Balance Sheet Employees 0-10 10-50 50-250 To qualify as an SME, both staff and ownership criteria must be satisfied, and either the turnover or the balance sheet criteria, i.e any of these two criteria must be meet in order to qualify.

Motivation, Communication and Leadership Theory Essay -- Business and

Motivation, Communication and Leadership Theory In this essay I will discuss the various different theories on motivation such as scientific management e.g. Taylor as well the humans relation approach such as Maslow and Herzberg and how they relate to organisations improving their overall effiencentcy. Another aspect that I will discuss in the following essay will also be how communication can affect the productivity of a company, I will also relate this to motivational theory. The final aspect of my essay that I will include is discussing how different leadership styles can affect the overall productivity of a given company. One motivation theory that some companies used to use was the scientific approach, this was put forward by Taylor. It was mainly used in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s. Taylor developed his theory while he was working his way up from labourer to works manager in an US steel mill. His theory states that man is a rational economic animal concerned with maximising his economic gain. He also stated that people respond as individuals not groups and he believed people could be treated in a standardised fashion like machines. The basic principle that is underlying this approach is if you study what happens when you the change different variables in a situation, this will tell you how best to organise the work force. This theory as mentioned before relies on the fact that human beings will act rationally and respond to the available incentives. The whole of Taylor’s theory is based on the fact that he believes human are solely motivated by money. I believe that this motivational theory is flawed to a certain degree because people do not just work for money they also work to socialise and many other factors like earning respect from fellow employees. Taylor’s theory is based on the fact that your pay should be linked to your output. This prospect does not appeal to all people as we are different in many ways, it may also lead to employees cutting corners to make it appear they have done more than they have. This is counter productive to increasing productivity because then the product is just of sub standard quality and most of the time quality is more important than quantity in business. Taylors theory was mainly used in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s this shows that his theory is out of date and ... ...utcome will be the positive one you want. I think that if this theory was used in conjunction with the previous two theories it could benefit some companies very well if they applied if correctly. It would lead to an increase in productivity even though this may only be in the short term, but with regular training courses and interactions with the people at the top of the company this increased level of productivity could be kept at the increased level with benefit to employer and employee. There are three main types of leadership one is an autocratic leader. This type of leader will take important decisions without consulting colleague’s who are lower down the hierarchy. This may in general decrease the productivity of employees lower than the leader and this in turn will lower the productivity on the company overall. The main reason for this is the fact that the employees lower down the hierarchy will not feel valued because there input is not required in decision making even though they will undoubtedly have valid points to put forward. This will lead to decreased productivity because they feel less valued because they are not at the level in the hierarchy.

An Epidemiology Of Two Diseases Health And Social Care Essay

Tuberculosis is an infective disease that is considered as one of the greatest slayer of all clip which is caused by bacteriums whose scientific name is Mycobacterium TB besides known as Koch ‘s B. Tuberculosis is characterized by the formation of tubercles on the lungs and other tissues of the organic structure. Harmonizing to the Health Protection Agency, TB normally causes disease in the lungs ( pneumonic ) , but can besides impact other parts of the organic structure ( extra-pulmonary ) . Merely the pneumonic signifier of TB disease is infective. Transmission occurs through coughing of infective droplets, and normally requires drawn-out close contact with an infective instance. Terbium is curable with a combination of specific antibiotics, but intervention must be continued for at least six months The Health Protection Agency is one of the bureaus that are involved in advancing the wellness of persons that are affected by the disease. The wellness protection bureau intends to advance the riddance of TB in England by the support of the National Health Services and the Department of Health by developing a BCG ( Bacillus Calmette-Guerin ) Immunisation Programme. The marks of this programme are the persons who are at great hazard of geting the disease such as babes and older peoples who are most likely easy affected by the disease. Lung malignant neoplastic disease is the most common malignant neoplastic disease in the universe but it is one of the most preventable types of malignant neoplastic disease. Nine out of 10 people who have lung malignant neoplastic disease are caused by smoking but some people who are non non-smokers are besides affected. Many people believed that lung malignant neoplastic disease can non be treated but it can merely by descrying its early marks such as relentless cough for two hebdomads, repeated chest infection, relentless thorax or shoulder strivings, weight loss, declining cough, and fatigue or loss of energy. On the study of BBC News Network UK, it says that West Scotland has the highest rate of people diagnosed with lung malignant neoplastic disease than those people populating in the remainder of United Kingdom because smoking rates are 5 % higher in Scotland than the remainder of the UK, said Professor David Forman of Leeds University. The National wellness services said that the most effectual manner of forestalling lung malignant neoplastic disease is to non smoke or if you have been smoking and have serious wellness conditions better quit smoking every bit early as possible. In order to understate the rate of lung malignant neoplastic disease in the state the National Health Services have come up with a programme called, Go Smoke Free Programme, this programme is intended to assist those people to discontinue smoke and it besides provides free group or one on one support from trained advisers, and entree to four hebdomads nicotine replacing therapy. It is besides suggested by the National Health Services that a diet rich in fruits and veggies and regular exercising can cut down the hazard of holding lung malignant neoplastic disease ( http: //www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Cancer-of-the-lung/Pages/Prevention.aspx ) .Epidemiology OF THE TWO DISEASES:TUBERCULOSIS EPIDEMIOLOGYFigure 1. Tuberculosis instance studies and rate s by age group and sex, UK, 2008hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hpa.org.uk/web/HPAweb & A ; HPAwebStandard/HPAweb_C/1225268898745 The figure shows the instances of TB by rate and age of male and female in the United Kingdom by the twelvemonth 2008. It is noticeable in the graph that between the ages zero to twenty nine the instances of TB is bit by bit increasing. It besides shows that from the ages runing from 0-4, 10-14, and 15-19 the figure of female instances are higher than the figure of male instances which indicates that these age groups are easy transmitted by TB but it shows that the lowest instance of TB is from the age of 90 and above because nowadays lifetime alterations and there are few who are able to last at this age. From ages between 30-89 old ages old the Numberss of male and female instances of TB were diminishing from about 680 instances down to 5 Numberss of instances. In footings of rate, the figure shows that the highest rates were in immature grownups and these rates shows that males are more prone to TB than females. Higher rates were besides seen in persons aged 75-90 old ages because that at this age their immune system is weaker than the younger aged that is why the disease can be easy transmitted.LUNG CANCER EPIDEMIOLOGYhypertext transfer protocol: //info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/lung/incidence/uk-lung-cancer-incidence-statistics The figure shows the Numberss of new instances and age specific incidence rate between male and female diagnosed with lung malignant neoplastic disease in the UK in the twelvemonth 2006. Lung malignant neoplastic disease is seldom diagnosed below 30 old ages of age. The figure shows that get downing from the age of 40 until the age of 70 nine the figure of instances between male and female diagnosed with lung malignant neoplastic disease are invariably increasing as the figure of rate in male and female per 100,000 population additions but at the age between 79-85 the figure of instances were diminishing from about 4,500 instances to 2,000 instances. It is besides noticed in the figure that the figure of instances and rate of people diagnosed with lung malignant neoplastic disease are higher in male than in female of all age groups.APPROACHES AND STRATEGIESTobacco is the individual largest preventable cause of malignant neoplastic disease in the universe today. It causes 80 %  œ 90 % of all lung malignant neoplastic disease deceases and about 30 % of all malignant neoplastic disease deceases in the development states. A comprehensive scheme including prohibitions on baccy merchandises, advertisement and sponsorship, increased revenue enhancement on baccy merchandises and surcease programmes can cut down baccy ingestion in many states. In Addition, In order to understate the rate of incidence of lung malignant neoplastic disease in the state it is besides of import that wellness professionals would inform the people in the community about the side consequence of smoking to the wellness and good being of single such as developing tummy ulcers, decreased circulation of blood flow to the appendages like the fingers and toes, the hazard of developing upper respiratory piece of land infections would be increased, and developing different sorts of malignant neoplastic diseases. Another important attack to command the incidence of increasing rate of malignant neoplastic disease more specifically lung malignant neoplastic disease is the alteration of diet. Low fat high fiber diet can assist cut down the hazard of developing certain sorts of malignant neoplastic disease. Regular exercising and care of normal organic structure weight along with a healthy diet will assist understate the happening of malignant neoplastic disease. National policies and programmes should besides be implemented to raise consciousness and cut down exposure to malignant neoplastic disease hazard factors that people are provided with the information and back up them in order to follow a healthy life style.INVESTIGATE CURRENT PRIORITIES AND APPROACHES TO THE PROVISION OF SERVICESSince smoke is one of the major causes of lung malignant neoplastic disease and it is evitable the National Health Services developed a programme called â€Å" Go Smoke Free † Programme, this programme he lps persons who are tobacco users to actuate themselves to discontinue smoke by supplying one to one or group support. The â€Å" Go Smoke Free † Programme identifies the benefits of non smoking and helps people in bettering their wellness like cut downing the hazard of certain unwellness, disablement or disease caused by malignant neoplastic disease, bosom disease, and lung diseases ( hypertext transfer protocol: //smokefree.nhs.uk/why-go-smokefree/quit-smoking-and-start-living/ ) .

Chinas Support for North Vietnam in the Vietnam War

Chinas Support for North Vietnam in the Vietnam War Introduction One of the major wars waged after the Second World War was the Vietnam War (1965-1968). The two major antagonists in this war were China which backed North Vietnam and the US which backed South Vietnam. This war was in actual sense a front from which an ideological war between China and America was waged.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Chinas Support for North Vietnam in the Vietnam War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More China was keen on spreading communism while the US was equally keen on advancing capitalism or at least curbing the spread of communism. The then US president Lyndon Johnson adopted a policy favorable to South Vietnam. Therefore, the US extended its commitment to preserve the independence of South Vietnam from the communist threat that North Vietnam posed. On the other hand, there existed a close relationship between North Vietnam and China. Evidence of this is present in the ass urance from Chinese Leader Mao Zedong to the North Vietnamese that your business is my business; my business is your business, we together will unconditionally fight America† (Bradley 9). China therefore vowed to support the north to whatever extents were needed. This paper shall analyze the specific manners in which China supported Vietnam in the course of the Vietnam conflict. Reasons for Chinese Involvement and Support A major result of World War two was the emergence of two Super Powers, The USA and the Soviet Union, both of which favored different political ideologies. While the US favored capitalism, the Soviet Union was pro communism and aimed to spread this ideology to its spheres of influence. One of the biggest allies of the Soviet Union was China which advocated for an even more radical implementation of communism. China was committed to the idea of a communism which emphasized violent revolution and Vietnam presented a perfect ground from which China could propagat e its ideology. In addition to this, China was even more determined that Moscow to spread the communism ideology everywhere. Aiding North Vietnam presented an immediate means through which China could oppose the US and as such, undermine capitalism. Vietnam was the arena for Chinas support for wars of national liberation and china encouraged North Vietnam to take on an aggressive course in the fight to unify the north and the south. As of the time of the war, the capital city of South Vietnam was Saigon while that of the North was Hanoi. US defense of South Vietnam was an expression of greater commitment to battle against Communism in Southeast Asia. Another reason for the increased Chinese support of Vietnam was the deteriorating relationship between the Soviet Union and China. These Sino-Soviet tensions were brought about by ideological and political issues between the two communist states. This split between the Soviets and Chinese resulted in public criticism of each others poli cy and each party aimed to establish itself as the major communist power. For China, supporting Vietnam would reinforce its power and influence among the communist countries.Advertising Looking for research paper on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More While it was possible to arrive at a political resolution of the Vietnam conflict, China firmly opposed any political settlement. This opposition was as a result of the realities from the First Indochina War which ended in 1954 with a decisive victory for Hanoi against the French. Following this victory, China and the Soviet Union had failed to support North Vietnam in their ambition to reunify Vietnam under communist rule. This lack of support had resulted in North Vietnam failing in its unification attempts and Hanoi viewed this as a betrayal by their Communist comrades. With this historical backdrop, China was keen to ensure that North Vietnam did not lose out aga in since a loss would destroy Hanois trust in China. Ways in which China Supported North Vietnam Even before the Vietnam War began, China had made it clear to the US that any military action against Hanoi would be considered as action against China and as such, China would give military support to North Vietnam. Actual Chinese support of North Vietnam began following the Gulf of Tonkin incident in which a US navy ship was engaged by North Vietnamese boats resulting in a sea battle. Following this incident, America undertook reprisal air strikes against North Vietnam. The air strike code-named Rolling Thunder commenced on March 2, 1965 and its aim was to pressure Hanoi and Beijing into stopping their aggression against Saigon. In response to this reprisal Beijing ordered Chinese air and naval units which were to the south of China to be ready for combat. In addition to this, a number of air divisions and anti-aircraft artillery divisions were deployed near the North Vietnam border. D inglie and Kongjun document that China sent some MIG-15 and MIG-17 jets to Hanoi to deter further U.S. escalation of the war(385). Weaponry plays a crucial role in all battle and the availability of surplus quality weapons often dictate which side emerges victorious. Under the terms of the 1954 Geneva Agreements, Hanoi was forbidden from increasing its military force. This meant that Hanoi had a limited supply of military forces and the international community was unwilling to supply Hanoi with military equipment. As a result of this, North Vietnam was ill equipped for battle against the American backed South which had superior weaponry. The Chinese helped to equal the battle ground by supplying the North with better weapons. China ignored the arms embargo imposed against Hanoi and continued to supply significant amount of arms to the Northern forces. Shaplen reveals that the basic weapons for the North were Chinese-manufactured 7.62 millimeter family which were better than the trad itional Vietnam guns (98).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Chinas Support for North Vietnam in the Vietnam War specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In addition to this, China stepped up its efforts to train North Vietnamese soldiers into a professional modern force that could engage in combat with western forces (Zhang). This Chinese military hardware support to Vietnam was critical to Hanoi which had suffered from international isolation in the years leading up to the war. Chinese support also included building of new infrastructure in North Vietnam to streamline the war efforts. China helped in the construction of roads in North Vietnam and an improvement of the railways. The roads serve as infiltration routes that helped to move Hanoi troops to the south in a bid to match the US escalation. The railway lines were improved so as to handle the increasing flow of Chinese supplies to North Vietnam. Also, China u ndertook efforts to reinforce Hanoi’s defenses. In anticipation of a US amphibious assault, China engaged in the construction of defensive works in the northeast islands and the coast between Haiphong and Hon Gai (Shang, 748). The Vietnam War was characterized by heavy bombardment of North Vietnam targets by American forces. This ever-widening pattern of bombing which aimed at weakening the North greatly damaged infrastructure and property. The North undertook projects to repair this extensive bomb damages. China assisted and as of 1965, Shaplen records that over 100,000 Chinese volunteers were involved in the repairing of bomb damages in North Vietnam (95). In late 1965, Chinese troops were engaged in repairing a 554 kilometer stretch of railroad that had been damaged by US air attacks. Zhang highlights the effectiveness of Chinese repair efforts by revealing that while the rail complex at Kep was bombed nearly 50 times and was severely damaged from each strike, it was alway s quickly repaired and in fact remained operational for the entire duration of the air war (755). In recognition of the aerial threat that US posed, China dispatched a fighter regiment which consisted of 36 MIGs to North Vietnam. These aircrafts were based a few miles outside the capital city of Hanoi and they were aimed at ensuring air defense in case of US invasion (Zhang 741). In addition to this, China also sent a number of air force engineers to help with the upgrading of airfields which were meant to be used by jet fighters. Vietnamese pilots were also trained to operate the war planes in to enable them to wade of US aerial attacks. Zhang notes that while the presence of these Chinese-made MIGs would not pose any threat to the superior American air power in Vietnam, the fighter planes meant that any US air raids would carry with them a real risk of retaliatory attacks from North Vietnamese air force (741).Advertising Looking for research paper on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Supply routes are a critical resource in any war since they are the bloodline of the war. In the Vietnam War, the supply routes used by the Northern forces were under continued attacks from American bombardment. The Chinese troops helped to maintain the vital supply route from China to Vietnam (Gilbert 85). Before 1965, most supplies to Hanoi were by sea route. These same routes could not be used during the war since the US Navy launched a number of sea operations that effectively closed off the sea route for Chinese shipments. Zhang documents that China build a special transport line that went to South Vietnam vie Cambodia for supplies to the Northern forces that were engaged in the region (749). When this route became inadequate due to the increased number of Northern forces in the South, China assisted Hanoi to improve the Ho Chi Minh Trail which traversed eastern Laos into South Vietnam (Rosenau). The American forces made use of their air force for a number of tasks including: r econnaissance, attacks and transporting military personnel. To get to North Vietnam, US warplanes at times intruded into Chinese air space through the Hainan Island. While the Chinese initially ignored this intrusion on their air space, they changed their stance as the war intensified and their support for Hanoi soared. As of April 1965, the Chinese military had requested for permission to engage US warplanes that flew over Chinas air space (Zhang 744). Once this permission was granted, Chinese units extensively engaged US warplanes that got into Chinas air space en route to North Vietnam. China asserted that these attacks on US warplanes were retaliatory action against an invasion of Chinas air space and hence were to be viewed as China protective herself. However, this was not entirely true since the US had in numerous occasions assured China that it had no intention of invading China. As a matter of fact, the warplanes took care not to hit any Chinese target and tried to steer of f Chinese air space. The attacks on US warplanes were therefore action in direct support of North Vietnam which China considered to be a Comrade. As US strikes against North Vietnam intensified, North Vietnamese leaders requested Beijing for a consignment of Chinese volunteer pilots and fighters in April 1965. Vietnams leader Le Duans stated that the presence of Chinese forces would not only assist in the defense of Hanoi from US air bombardment but it would also raise the morale of the Vietnamese people and therefore increase their likelihood of pushing on with their war efforts (Zhang 747). In response to this request, China mobilized some of its troops for deployment in Hanoi. Shang states that the first Chinese deployment to Hanoi consisted of three special division sized units that were designated as the Corps of the Chinese Rear Services (125). Chinese fighters served as a strategic reserve that was to be used in the event of an American led invasion by the South into Hanoi. T hese Chinese reserve forces were placed under the command of Hanoi greatly boasting the Northern military capacity. The deployment of Chinese troops had a number of positive implications for North Vietnam. To begin with, Chinese troops mitigated the escalation of the US war in Vietnam. In addition to this, Chinese forces took up the task of defending Hanoi and as such, Vietnamese troops were freed up to go to the South and engage in offensive action. Discussion and Conclusion Without a doubt, Chinese support to the North had huge implications on the War. To begin with, China’s support was unequivocal and even General Vinh who commanded the Northern Army acknowledge that China gives us wholehearted support (Shaplen 98). Duiker notes that the goal of North Vietnam in the war was not to defeat its enemy but rather to prevent the US from controlling South Vietnam (30). As of the 1960s, North Vietnam was one of the worlds poorest nations lacking a modern army and without an arms p lan, both of which were vital to the war effort. It is therefore inconceivable that Hanoi would have managed to achieve its objective without outside help. It was Chinas large scale infusion of aid that enabled North Vietnam to survive the war and indeed achieve its objectives. The huge support received by Vietnam from the Chinese was a direct attempt by China to stop the perceived spread of American imperialism and challenge the Soviets leadership of the International Communism movement. In addition to this, China was committed to the success of the war of national liberation that it encouraged Hanoi to engage in. This paper set out to highlight how China supported North Vietnam in the Vietnam War. To this end, this paper has discussed the specific means through which China demonstrated its support for North Vietnam. China made a promise that she would regard Vietnam’s problems as her own and was throughout the war the major ally for Hanoi. From the arguments presented in th is paper, it is clear that Chinese assistance was crucial to the success of North Vietnam in the war and it is inconceivable that Hanoi would have faired as well as it did without Chinese support. Bradley, Mark. Vietnam at war. Oxford University Press, 2009. Dinglie, Wang and Kongjun, Zhongguo. â€Å"Modern Chinese Air Force†. Social Science Publisher, 1989. Duiker, William. Waging Revolutionary War: The Evolution of Hanois Strategy in the South, 1959-1965. Werner and Luu. Gilbert, Marc. Why the North won the Vietnam War. Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. Print. Rosenau, William. Special Operations Forces and Elusive Enemy Ground Targets. April. 2002. Web. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB77/index1.html Shang, Like. Shedding Blood in Vietnam. Beijing: China Personal Press, 1993. Print. Shaplen, Robert. Vietnam: Crisis of Indecision. Foreign Affairs, 2004. Zhang, Xiaoming. â€Å"The Vietnam War, 1964-1969: A Chinese Perspective†. The Journal of Military History, Vol . 60, No. 4, 731-762.

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